异育银鲫GABAB受体1亚基 cDNA部分序列的克隆及组织表达分析

为了确定γ-氨基丁酸B受体（gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor,GABABR）基因在异育银鲫（Carassius auratus gibelio）不同组织中的表达,本实验分别对异育银鲫不同组织中GABABR1基因进行RT-PCR扩增,并进行了克隆和测序,在与GenBank基因库中已知GABABR1序列进行同源性比对的基础上采用邻接法构建系统发育树,并进一步分析其在异育银鲫不同组织内的表达水平。结果：经克隆获得异育银鲫GABABR1基因CDS区序列383bp,编码127个氨基酸。荧光定量PCR结果显示GABABR1基因在异育银鲫脑、肝、肾、心、肠、鳔、鳃、肌、鳍、脾、卵巢、精巢组织中均有表达,且在不同组织中的表达水平由高到低依次是：脑>尾鳍>精巢>心、肠、鳔> 卵巢、脾、鳃、肌>肝、肾。本研究证实了GABABR1基因在异育银鲫各组织中的表达的广泛性,且有明显的组织特异性。     

The Drosophila putative histone acetyltransferase Enok maintains female germline stem cells through regulating Bruno and the niche

Maintenance of adult stem cells is largely dependent on the balance between their self-renewal and differentiation. The Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs) provide a powerful in vivo system for studying stem cell fate regulation. It has been shown that maintaining the GSC population involves both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Although the role of epigenetic regulation in this process is evident, the underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored. In this study, we find that Enoki mushroom (Enok), a Drosophila putative MYST family histone acetyltransferase controls GSC maintenance in the ovary at multiple levels. Removal or knockdown of Enok in the germline causes a GSC maintenance defect. Further studies show that the cell-autonomous role of Enok in maintaining GSCs is not dependent on the BMP/Bam pathway. Interestingly, molecular studies reveal an ectopic expression of Bruno, an RNA binding protein, in the GSCs and their differentiating daughter cells elicited by the germline Enok deficiency. Misexpression of Bruno in GSCs and their immediate descendants results in a GSC loss that can be exacerbated by incorporating one copy of enok mutant allele. These data suggest a role for Bruno in Enok-controlled GSC maintenance. In addition, we observe that Enok is required for maintaining GSCs non-autonomously. Compromised expression of enok in the niche cells impairs the niche maintenance and BMP signal output, thereby causing defective GSC maintenance. This is the first demonstration that the niche size control requires an epigenetic mechanism. Taken together, studies in this paper provide new insights into the GSC fate regulation.     

The Role of Semidisorder in Temperature Adaptation of Bacterial FlgM Proteins

Probabilities of disorder for FlgM proteins of 39 species whose optimal growth temperature ranges from 273 K (0°C) to 368 K (95°C) were predicted by a newly developed method called Sequence-based Prediction with Integrated NEural networks for Disorder (SPINE-D). We showed that the temperature-dependent behavior of FlgM proteins could be separated into two subgroups according to their sequence lengths. Only shorter sequences evolved to adapt to high temperatures (>318 K or 45°C). Their ability to adapt to high temperatures was achieved through a transition from a fully disordered state with little secondary structure to a semidisordered state with high predicted helical probability at the N-terminal region. The predicted results are consistent with available experimental data. An analysis of all orthologous protein families in 39 species suggests that such a transition from a fully disordered state to semidisordered and/or ordered states is one of the strategies employed by nature for adaptation to high temperatures.     

An Embryonic Myosin Isoform Enables Stretch Activation and Cyclical Power in Drosophila Jump Muscle

The mechanism behind stretch activation (SA), a mechanical property that increases muscle force and oscillatory power generation, is not known. We used Drosophila transgenic techniques and our new muscle preparation, the jump muscle, to determine if myosin heavy chain isoforms influence the magnitude and rate of SA force generation. We found that Drosophila jump muscles show very low SA force and cannot produce positive power under oscillatory conditions at pCa 5.0. However, we transformed the jump muscle to be moderately stretch-activatable by replacing its myosin isoform with an embryonic isoform (EMB). Expressing EMB, jump muscle SA force increased by 163% and it generated net positive power. The rate of SA force development decreased by 58% with EMB expression. Power generation is Pi dependent as >4 mM Pi was required for positive power from EMB. Pi increased EMB SA force, but not wild-type SA force. Our data suggest that when muscle expressing EMB is stretched, EMB is more easily driven backward to a weakly bound state than wild-type jump muscle. This increases the number of myosin heads available to rapidly bind to actin and contribute to SA force generation. We conclude that myosin heavy chain isoforms influence both SA kinetics and SA force, which can determine if a muscle is capable of generating oscillatory power at a fixed calcium concentration.     

An Embryonic Myosin Isoform Enables Stretch Activation and Cyclical Power in Drosophila Jump Muscle

The mechanism behind stretch activation (SA), a mechanical property that increases muscle force and oscillatory power generation, is not known. We used Drosophila transgenic techniques and our new muscle preparation, the jump muscle, to determine if myosin heavy chain isoforms influence the magnitude and rate of SA force generation. We found that Drosophila jump muscles show very low SA force and cannot produce positive power under oscillatory conditions at pCa 5.0. However, we transformed the jump muscle to be moderately stretch-activatable by replacing its myosin isoform with an embryonic isoform (EMB). Expressing EMB, jump muscle SA force increased by 163% and it generated net positive power. The rate of SA force development decreased by 58% with EMB expression. Power generation is Pi dependent as >4 mM Pi was required for positive power from EMB. Pi increased EMB SA force, but not wild-type SA force. Our data suggest that when muscle expressing EMB is stretched, EMB is more easily driven backward to a weakly bound state than wild-type jump muscle. This increases the number of myosin heads available to rapidly bind to actin and contribute to SA force generation. We conclude that myosin heavy chain isoforms influence both SA kinetics and SA force, which can determine if a muscle is capable of generating oscillatory power at a fixed calcium concentration.     

Inhibitor selectivity between aldo–keto reductase superfamily members AKR1B10 and AKR1B1: Role of Trp112 (Trp111)

The antineoplastic target aldo–keto reductase family member 1B10 (AKR1B10) and the critical polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase (AKR1B1) share high structural similarity. Crystal structures reported here reveal a surprising Trp112 native conformation stabilized by a specific Gln114-centered hydrogen bond network in the AKR1B10 holoenzyme, and suggest that AKR1B1 inhibitors could retain their binding affinities toward AKR1B10 by inducing Trp112 flip to result in an “AKR1B1-like” active site in AKR1B10, while selective AKR1B10 inhibitors can take advantage of the broader active site of AKR1B10 provided by the native Trp112 side-chain orientation.     

Pip介导铜绿假单胞菌吩嗪基因簇phz2的表达

[目的]为了确定铜绿假单胞菌调控因子Pip对两个不同吩嗪合成基因簇(phz1和phz2)的具体调控方式与可能的调控机制.[方法]根据基因比对结果,采用同源重组技术构建Pip调控因子缺失突变株PA-PG以及克隆ip基因作互补分析;再以已构建的吩嗪基因簇缺失突变株PA-Z1G和PA-Z2K为受体菌,构建突变株PA-PD-Z1G和PA-PG-Z2K,测定并比较野生株及相关突变株的吩嗪-1-羧酸和绿脓菌素的合成量,推定Pip对两个不同吩嗪合成基因簇的调控方式.[结果]在GA培养基中,突变株PA-PG的吩嗪-1-羧酸和绿脓菌素都比野生型明显减少;互补分析显示,突变株PA-PG的吩嗪-1-羧酸和绿脓菌素都显著提高并恢复到野生株PAO1水平;突变株PA-Z1G的吩嗪-1-羧酸和绿脓菌素合成量因Pip缺失而显著减少;而突变株PA-Z2K的吩嗪-1-羧酸和绿脓菌素合成量在Pip缺失后仍保持不变.[结论]初步推定,转录调控因子Pip对铜绿假单胞菌吩嗪合成代谢的确具有促进作用;Pip通过正向调控吩嗪基因簇phz2的合成功能实现对吩嗪合成代谢的调控.     

副溶血性弧菌毒力基因表达时内参基因的选择

[目的]筛选出合适的内参基因用于分析不同环境条件下副溶血性弧菌毒力基因的表达情况.[方法]本研究以虾样品中、海水样品中、过滤海水样品中以及TSB培养条件下的副溶血性弧菌为材料,利用qRT-PCR技术评价了GAPDH、pvuA、pvsA和rpoS4种常用管家基因在不同条件下的表达稳定性.[结果]4种管家基因均能特异扩增,表达稳定性排列顺序为pvuA(2.906)＞pvsA(3.197)＞GAPDH(3.746)＞rpoS(6.512),进一步通过geNorm软件分析,最终选择两个表达最为稳定的内参基因即pvuA和pvsA,以二者的几何平均值作为参照可更为准确地校正目的基因的表达.[结论]pvuA和pvsA可作为环境样品中副溶血性弧菌毒力基因表达变化研究的内参基因.     

常规诱变结合高通量筛选选育可利霉素高产菌株

可利霉素是通过基因工程定向育种技术获得的新型大环内酯类抗生素,是国家一类新药.[目的]为满足工业化生产需要,其工程菌株的发酵水平有待提高.[方法]多种常规诱变技术交替处理和高通量筛选方法选育可利霉素高产菌株,处理方法包括原生质体紫外诱变、DES(硫酸二乙酯)诱变、紫外光复活诱变、缬氨酸抗性筛选和正突变菌株的富集.[结果]高产菌株WSJ-1-7-49-133-82-43的摇瓶生物效价比出发菌株WSJ-1-7-49提高56％,500L中试发酵罐突变菌株效价较出发株高61％.[结论]说明多轮常规诱变育种结合高通量的筛选方法可以用于工业生产菌株的高效筛选.