海岸带复合农林业系统植物种群光环境特征研究

本文对三种银杏-农作物复合模式下植物种群对光合有效辐射的削弱和截获进行了模型化分析,并探讨了不同模式下光照强度的时空分布规律。结果表明:银杏果用-叶用-豆类作物复合模式具有最好的复合光效益,光能截获率可达92%;PAR在植冠层的削弱遵循Beer-Lambert定律;植物种群的叶面积、地上部分生物量、光吸收的关系可以用Y=ax^b数学模型描述。同时,果用、材用银杏冠层有较大的透光性和光强变异系数,可以作为银杏-农作物初期经营的上层树种,但要注意冠形的调控;光强的时间变化受冠层条件和太阳高度角的双重影响。     

呼吸机无创通气治疗急性心源性肺水肿临床研究

目的探讨大型多功能呼吸机及双相气道正压通气呼吸机治疗急性心源性肺水肿的临床价值。方法将48例急性心源性肺水肿患者分为无创通气治疗组（24例）和对照组（24例）,观察治疗前、后1h两组的血气分析及相关的症状、体征及病情缓解分值并进行统计学配对比较处理。结果治疗前各匹配组分析P〉0.05,说明两组基础病情具有可比性;治疗后1 h动脉血氧饱和度、血氧分压、呼吸频率、心率及缓解积分各组比较P〈0.01。结论表明治疗组较对照组的心肺功能改善更明显,由此表明该方法有极高的临床应用价值。     

Genetic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">avenin-like b</Emphasis> genes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops tauschii</Emphasis> Coss

Avenin-like storage proteins influence the rheological properties and processing quality in common wheat, and the discovery of new alleles will benefit wheat quality improvement. In this study, 13 avenin-like b alleles (TaALPb7D-A–M) were discovered in 108 Aegilops tauschii Coss. accessions. Ten alleles were reported for the first time, while the remaining three alleles were the same as alleles in other species. A total of 15 nucleotide changes were detected in the 13 alleles, resulting in only 11 amino acid changes because of synonymous mutations. Alleles TaALPb7D-E, TaALPb7D-G, and TaALPb7D-J encoded the same protein. These polymorphic sites existed in the N-terminus, Repetitive region (Left), Repetitive region (Right) and C-terminus domains, with no polymorphisms in the signal peptide sequence nor in those encoding the 18 conserved cysteine residues. Phylogenetic analysis divided the TaALPb7Ds into four clades. The Ae. tauschii alleles were distributed in all four clades, while the alleles derived from common wheat, TaALPb7D-G and TaALPb7D-C, belonged to clade III and IV, respectively. Alleles TaALPb7D-G and TaALPb7D-C were the most widely distributed, being present in nine and six countries, respectively. Iran and Turkey exhibited the highest genetic diversity with respect to TaALPb7D alleles, accessions from these countries carrying seven and six alleles, respectively, which implied that these countries were the centers of origin of the avenin-like b gene. The new alleles discovered and the phylogenetic analysis of avenin-like b genes will provide breeding materials and a theoretical basis for wheat quality improvement.     

CaCl2浸果对新疆枣裂果率及钙钾镁含量的影响

以新疆产不同抗裂性枣品种‘骏枣’、‘哈密大枣’、‘灰枣’、‘金铃圆枣’果实为试验材料,用不同浓度CaCl2(0、2.5、25g/L)分别浸泡12、36、60h,研究CaCl2对枣裂果率及果肉、果皮中Ca、K、Mg含量的影响。结果显示:(1)2.5、25g/L CaCl2均能有效降低枣裂果率,且25g/L CaCl2对各品种枣的防裂效果均优于2.5g/L CaCl2。(2)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中Ca显著高于极易裂品种,且各品种Ca含量均随CaCl2浓度增加而增加。(3)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中K含量高于极易裂品种,其Mg含量则表现出相反趋势,但不同浓度CaCl2处理的枣果肉、果皮中Mg、K升降幅度变化不同。(4)枣果肉、果皮中Ca、K含量与裂果率呈负相关关系,Mg含量与裂果率呈正相关关系。研究认为,CaCl2浸果能有效增加枣果肉、果皮中钙含量,影响各品种枣果实的钾镁含量,显著降低枣裂果率,并以25g/L CaCl2效果最好。     

土壤干旱对观赏植物活性氧产生和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,考察自然干旱-复水处理下观赏植物红叶石楠、金叶女贞、小叶黄杨和大叶黄杨叶片超氧阴离子自由基(O-·2)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的变化,研究各种植物在干旱条件下的活性氧产生与酶促清除过程以及复水后的恢复情况差异,以揭示植物在逆境条件下的适应策略。结果表明:(1)自然干旱过程中,红叶石楠叶片O-·2生成速率呈先降低,之后明显升高,而小叶黄杨、金叶女贞、大叶黄杨均先升后降。(2)干旱提高了4种植物的MDA含量,但金叶女贞和大叶黄杨的MDA含量变化较小。(3)干旱下4种植物叶片的SOD活性增强,它们的POD活性变化不同,而CAT活性均先升高后下降。(4)复水后,4种植物O-·2产生速率和MDA含量均降低;小叶黄杨、金叶女贞、大叶黄杨SOD活性上升,而红叶石楠SOD活性下降;红叶石楠、金叶女贞、大叶黄杨CAT活性下降,而小叶黄杨则上升;红叶石楠、小叶黄杨、大叶黄杨POD活性下降,而金叶女贞却上升。研究表明,不同植物对活性氧的清除途径不同;隶属函数法分析表明4种观赏植物在干旱胁迫初期的综合抗旱性表现依次为:小叶黄杨金叶女贞大叶黄杨红叶石楠。     

Fatty acid-specific fluorescent probes and their use in resolving mixtures of unbound free fatty acids in equilibrium with albumin

We report the first measurements for profiling mixtures of unbound free fatty acids. Measurements utilized fluorescent probes with distinctly different response profiles for different free fatty acids (FFA). These probes were constructed by labeling site-specific mutants of the rat intestinal fatty acid binding protein (rI-FABP) with acrylodan. The probes were produced and screened by high-throughput methods, and from more than 30 000 such probes we selected six that together have sufficient specificity and sensitivity for resolving the profile of unbound FFA (FFAu) in mixtures of different FFAu. We developed analytical methods to determine the FFAu profile from the fluorescence (ratio) response of the different probes and used these methods to determine FFAu profiles for mixtures of arachidonate, linoleate, oleate, palmitate, and stearate in equilibrium with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Measurements were performed using mixtures with a range of total FFAu concentrations, including 0.9 nM, which is similar to normal plasma levels. We also measured single FFA binding isotherms for BSA and found that binding was described well by six to seven sites with the same binding constants (Kd). The Kd values for the FFA (4-38 nM) were inversely related to the aqueous solubility of the FFA. We constructed a model with these parameters to predict the FFAu profile in equilibrium with BSA and found excellent agreement between the profiles measured using the FFA probes and those calculated with this model. These results should lead to a better understanding of albumin's role in buffering FFAu and to profiling FFAu in intra- and extracellular biological fluids.     

Genetic enhancement of palmitic acid accumulation in cotton seed oil through RNAi down‐regulation of ghKAS2 encoding β‐ketoacyl‐ACP synthase II (KASII)

Palmitic acid (C16:0) already makes up approximately 25% of the total fatty acids in the conventional cotton seed oil. However, further enhancements in palmitic acid content at the expense of the predominant unsaturated fatty acids would provide increased oxidative stability of cotton seed oil and also impart the high melting point required for making margarine, shortening and confectionary products free of trans fatty acids. Seed‐specific RNAi‐mediated down‐regulation of β‐ketoacyl‐ACP synthase II (KASII) catalysing the elongation of palmitoyl‐ACP to stearoyl‐ACP has succeeded in dramatically increasing the C16 fatty acid content of cotton seed oil to well beyond its natural limits, reaching up to 65% of total fatty acids. The elevated C16 levels were comprised of predominantly palmitic acid (C16:0, 51%) and to a lesser extent palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 11%) and hexadecadienoic acid (C16:2, 3%), and were stably inherited. Despite of the dramatic alteration of fatty acid composition and a slight yet significant reduction in oil content in these high‐palmitic (HP) lines, seed germination remained unaffected. Regiochemical analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) showed that the increased levels of palmitic acid mainly occurred at the outer positions, while C16:1 and C16:2 were predominantly found in the sn‐2 position in both TAG and phosphatidylcholine. Crossing the HP line with previously created high‐oleic (HO) and high‐stearic (HS) genotypes demonstrated that HP and HO traits could be achieved simultaneously; however, elevation of stearic acid was hindered in the presence of high level of palmitic acid.     

城市复合生态及生态空间管理

城市是一类基于区域水-土-气-生-矿五类生态因子,生产-流通-消费-还原-调控五类生态过程,以及经济-政治-文化-社会-环境五类生态功能,在时间-空间-数量-结构-功序范畴耦合的复合生态系统。阐述了城市复合生态的整合机制、体制、结构、功能的内涵,提出以净化、绿化、活化、美化、进化型安全生态保障目标,生物链-矿物链-服务链-静脉链-智慧链五链合一的循环经济耦合构架,以及污染防治、清洁生产、产业生态、生态社区和生态文明五位一体的和谐社会建设模式为城市生态管理的3个支柱。城市生态管理是对城市涵养、调节、流通、供给和支持五类生态服务功能的调节、修复和建设而不只是保护城市生物。城市生态空间是指城市生态系统结构所占据的物理空间、其代谢所依赖的区域腹地空间,以及其功能所涉及的多维关系空间。通过天津、扬州、淮北、合肥等市复合生态规划与建设的案例,阐述了区域、市域、城域和社区/园区4尺度城市生态空间的管理方略。最后以延庆和北京主城关系的演变探讨了复合生态位势在城市生态管理中的应用。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对NaCl胁迫下酸枣光合特性的影响

以2年生酸枣幼苗为试验材料,探讨不同浓度NaCl(0、4、8、12g·kg-1)胁迫下喷施5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA,75、150mg·L~(-1))对酸枣光合特性的影响。结果显示:(1)不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,外源ALA对酸枣叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及叶绿素含量等具有明显促进作用。(2)在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,喷施75mg·L~(-1)的ALA仅在NaCl浓度为4和8g·kg-1处理下对酸枣Tr值具有显著提高作用,而喷施150mg·L~(-1) ALA在各NaCl浓度胁迫下对其Pn、Ci和Tr均具有显著促进作用。(3)在重度NaCl胁迫(12g·kg-1)下,喷施150mg·L~(-1) ALA对酸枣叶片叶绿素含量具有显著提高作用,而喷施75mg·L~(-1)浓度ALA却无明显提高。研究表明,在NaCl胁迫条件下,外源ALA能有效改善酸枣叶片光合气体交换参数,提高叶绿素含量,从而缓解NaCl胁迫的伤害,提高其光合能力,并以喷施150mg·L~(-1) ALA的缓解效果更好。     

长江经济带工业生态效率评价及区域差异研究

提高长江经济带工业生态效率,是促进工业向绿色转型升级的重要路径,更是促进区域经济与生态协调发展的重要选择。将工业生态系统分解为工业经济、环境、能源三个子系统,以2009—2013年9省2市的工业数据为基础,采用网络DEA模型对长江经济带9省2市的工业生态效率及三个子系统效率进行评价。结果显示:(1)长江经济带工业生态效率水平整体呈上升趋势,且自上游至下游效率水平依次递增。(2)长江经济带工业经济子系统效率水平相对稳定,区域内以下游最高、上游最低;环境子系统效率水平呈增长趋势,区域内以下游最高、中游最低;能源子系统效率水平呈增长趋势,区域内以下游最高、上游最低;(3)收敛性检验显示,长江经济带工业生态效率及各子系统效率呈收敛趋势,其中工业经济子系统效率呈相对稳定的状态。研究为长江经济带工业生态效率的改善提出了可操作性的政策建议。