全文获取类型
收费全文 | 139261篇 |
免费 | 11135篇 |
国内免费 | 9280篇 |
专业分类
159676篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 289篇 |
2023年 | 1755篇 |
2022年 | 3816篇 |
2021年 | 6467篇 |
2020年 | 4283篇 |
2019年 | 5232篇 |
2018年 | 5174篇 |
2017年 | 3869篇 |
2016年 | 5560篇 |
2015年 | 8234篇 |
2014年 | 9601篇 |
2013年 | 10287篇 |
2012年 | 12397篇 |
2011年 | 11241篇 |
2010年 | 6867篇 |
2009年 | 6083篇 |
2008年 | 7238篇 |
2007年 | 6371篇 |
2006年 | 5745篇 |
2005年 | 4505篇 |
2004年 | 4028篇 |
2003年 | 3448篇 |
2002年 | 3080篇 |
2001年 | 2745篇 |
2000年 | 2540篇 |
1999年 | 2436篇 |
1998年 | 1345篇 |
1997年 | 1439篇 |
1996年 | 1315篇 |
1995年 | 1172篇 |
1994年 | 1197篇 |
1993年 | 846篇 |
1992年 | 1296篇 |
1991年 | 1120篇 |
1990年 | 849篇 |
1989年 | 770篇 |
1988年 | 675篇 |
1987年 | 558篇 |
1986年 | 533篇 |
1985年 | 538篇 |
1984年 | 354篇 |
1983年 | 296篇 |
1982年 | 227篇 |
1981年 | 171篇 |
1980年 | 166篇 |
1979年 | 188篇 |
1978年 | 149篇 |
1977年 | 119篇 |
1976年 | 121篇 |
1974年 | 150篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
Eric S. J. Harris Shugeng Cao Sean D. Schoville Chengming Dong Wenquan Wang Zaiyou Jian Zhongzhen Zhao David M. Eisenberg Jon Clardy 《PloS one》2012,7(11)
Oridonin is a diterpenoid with anti-cancer activity that occurs in the Chinese medicinal plant Isodon rubescens and some related species. While the bioactivity of oridonin has been well studied, the extent of natural variation in the production of this compound is poorly known. This study characterizes natural variation in oridonin production in order to guide selection of populations of Isodon with highest oridonin yield. Different populations of I. rubescens and related species were collected in China, and their offspring were grown in a greenhouse. Samples were examined for oridonin content, genotyped using 11 microsatellites, and representatives were sequenced for three phylogenetic markers (ITS, rps16, trnL-trnF). Oridonin production was mapped on a molecular phylogeny of the genus Isodon using samples from each population as well as previously published Genbank sequences. Oridonin has been reported in 12 out of 74 species of Isodon examined for diterpenoids, and the phylogeny indicates that oridonin production has arisen at least three times in the genus. Oridonin production was surprisingly consistent between wild-collected parents and greenhouse-grown offspring, despite evidence of gene flow between oridonin-producing and non-producing populations of Isodon. Additionally, microsatellite genetic distance between individuals was significantly correlated with chemical distance in both parents and offspring. Neither heritability nor correlation with genetic distance were significant when the comparison was restricted to only populations of I. rubescens, but this result should be corroborated using additional samples. Based on these results, future screening of Isodon populations for oridonin yield should initially prioritize a broad survey of all species known to produce oridonin, rather than focusing on multiple populations of one species, such as I. rubescens. Of the samples examined here, I. rubescens or I. japonicus from Henan province would provide the best source of oridonin. 相似文献
77.
Evidence for the existence of three or more slow phases in the refolding of ribonuclease A and some characteristics of the phases 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The slow refolding kinetics of RNase A have been analyzed, by using a nonlinear least-squares program for deconvoluting the kinetic phases and applying statistical tests for quality of fit. It is found that a minimum of three slow phases are required to fit the kinetic data properly, and this is true whether the method of detection is absorbance of fluorescence. Since the number of phases and the relaxation times for each phase are independent of the method of detection, it is concluded that the same three rate-limiting processes are seen by absorbance and fluorescence. These phases correspond to the XY, CT, and ct phases described in our earlier studies. The fact that fluorescence-detected kinetics are somewhat slower than absorbance-detected kinetics is a trivial effect due not to differences in relaxation times but to the fact that the amplitude of the CT phase is enhanced in fluorescence measurements, at the expense of the faster XY phase, because of intrinsic fluorescence changes associated with the isomerization of proline-93. By use of a new double-jump technique [Schmid, F.X., Grafl, R., Wrba, A., & Beintema, J.J. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 872], it is shown that proline-93 isomerizes as the rate-limiting step in only one of the three phases, the CT phase, and that this phase involves only 25-30% of the RNase molecules. There is still no indication as to the molecular events that occur in the large, ammonium sulfate dependent XY phase, which is the pathway for formation of the nativelike intermediate. 相似文献
78.
The origin of the fluorescence changes observed in stopped-flow experiments of the hydrolysis of three 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl-(dansyl) peptide substrates by porcine kidney cytosol leucine aminopeptidase has been investigated. The substrates used all have the potential to accept energy from aromatic residues of the enzyme via resonance energy transfer when they are bound as enzyme-substrate complexes, indicating that fluorescence changes due to the buildup and decay of such intermediates are possible. However, the fluorescence of these substrates differs from that of the products, and direct excitation of their dansyl groups during hydrolysis can also be responsible for the observed fluorescence changes due to changes in the concentrations of free substrate and product. The dansyl fluorescence changes observed with excitation wavelengths near 280 nm are not accompanied by quenching of the enzyme fluorescence, as would be expected if there were enzyme-to-substrate energy transfer. The magnitude of the maximal fluorescence change at a fixed concentration of substrate is also independent of the enzyme concentration. Furthermore, the excitation profile for the fluorescence changes shows that they arise from direct excitation of the dansyl group. Thus, there is no energy transfer in these reactions, and the fluorescence changes observed arise from direct excitation of the dansyl group and reflect the instantaneous concentration of substrate. This behavior contrasts sharply with that for the reaction of carboxypeptidase A with dansyl-Gly-Tyr, which has been studied as a positive control for an energy-transfer system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
79.
Acholeplasma laidlawii cells were grown in cholesterol-enriched medium and exposed continuously to either air (control), 4.0 vol.% halothane in air at 1 atm pressure (4% atm halothane), or 80% cyclopropane in oxygen for 24 h at 37°C. Cells grown in the presence of 4% atm halothane or 80% cyclopropane had approximately twice as much membrane cholesterol content/mg protein as the control cells. Cells grown in an anesthetic environment also tended to have a higher membrane cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio compared to control cells. Membranes isolated from halothane-exposed cells grown in a cholesterol-enriched medium were more ordered at 37°C (measurements were made with no anesthetic present) than membranes from control cells grown in an identically enriched medium. This difference in membrane physical state between control and anesthetic-exposed cells decreased as the temperature decreased, and disappeared at approx. 23°C. Continuous exposure of A. laidlawii to 4% atm halothane or 80% cyclopropane for 24 h did not markedly affect membrane fatty acid composition, either in cells grown on an unsupplemented medium or in cells grown in a medium enriched in myristic, palmitic or stearic acids. These results further support the hypothesis that an increased membrane cholesterol content may play a role in the tolerance or dependence that develops after chronic exposure to anesthetic agents. 相似文献
80.