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71.
Carel P. van Schaik Maria A. van Noordwijk Bambang Warsono Edy Sutriono 《Primates; journal of primatology》1983,24(2):211-221
Theoretical considerations suggest that the ability to detect the presence or approach of a predator when there is still enough
time to flee (early detection) should improve with group size, if group living is to be advantageous for individual non-human
primates. The hypothesis that the distance at which forest primates detect predators increases with the size of their party
was confirmed by observation. It was found that in addition to party size height (vegetation density) could also influence
detection distance. Because height relates not only to visibility but also to the number of potential predators, one would
predict that small parties are found higher in the canopy to compensate for the increased risk of predation. This prediction
was confirmed using data on long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis).
The correlation found between party size and predation risk demonstrates that forest monkeys can adjust their behaviour in
response to changes in predation risk, and hence support the hypothesis that predation risk has been an important, perhaps
even the only, selective force responsible for the evolution of group living in non-human primates. 相似文献
72.
73.
Bambang I. Gunawan 《Anthropological Forum》2012,22(2):187-207
The designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Indonesia has been accelerated over the past two decades in line with international biodiversity conservation commitments and to secure a basis for decentralised fisheries resources management. The Berau MPA of northeast Kalimantan is one of them. This paper shows how the establishment of the park boundaries and zoning affects local fishers' livelihoods. Particular attention is paid to the position of outsider fishers or andon, who have a legal right to access the resource rich fishing grounds. Decentralised district government legitimises outsider fisheries activities because andon fishing permits bring in fees as a contribution to the regional income (PAD or pendapatan asli daerah), while international environmental organisations and local fishers regard the outsider fishers as illegitimately entering the MPA to access resources they regard as their own. Thus, MPA boundaries appear to be highly permeable, with both local fishers and environmental NGOs seeing the presence of andon as illegitimate and illicit, despite being legal. 相似文献
74.
Adrenergic-receptor beta2 (ADRB2) and beta3 (ADRB3) are obesity genes that play a key role in the regulation of energy balance by increasing lipolysis and thermogenesis. The Glu27 allele in ADRB2 and the Arg64 allele in ADRB3 are associated with abdominal obesity and early onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in many ethnic groups. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) is required for adipocyte differentiation. Pro12Ala mutation decreases PPARG activity and resistance to NIDDM. In humans, energy-expense alleles, Gln27 in ADRB2 and Trp64 in ADRB3, are at higher frequencies than Glu27 and Arg64, respectively, but Ala12 in PPARG is at lower frequency than Pro12. Adaptation of humans for lipolysis, thermogenesis, and reduction of fat accumulation could be considered by examining which alleles in these genes are dominant in non-human primates (NHP). All NHP (P. troglodytes, G. gorilla, P. pygmaeus, H. agilis and macaques) had energy-thrifty alleles, Gly16 and Glu27 in ADRB2, and Arg64 in ADRB3, but did not have energy-expense alleles, Arg16, Gln27 and Trp64 alleles. In PPARG gene, all NHP had large adipocyte accumulating type, the Pro12 allele. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that a tendency to produce much more heat through the energy-expense alleles developed only in humans, who left tropical rainforests for savanna and developed new features in their heat-regulation systems, such as reduction of body hair and increased evaporation of water, and might have helped the protection of entrails from cold at night, especially in glacial periods. 相似文献
75.
Two new species of ricefishes or buntingi, Adrianichthys roseni and Oryzias nebulosus, are described from Lake Poso, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia, bringing to 12 the number of endemic ricefishes known from Sulawesi. Adrianichthys roseni and its sole congener, A. kruyti, are distinguished from other relatively large-bodied ricefishes, Xenopoecilus, in having orbits that project beyond the dorsal profile of the head; paired preethmoid cartilages (versus single or absent in Xenopoecilus); and 13–16 (versus 8–13) dorsal fin rays. Also, as in A. kruyti, the lower jaw of A. roseni is enclosed in the upper jaw when the mouth is closed; however, the upper jaw is not as large and broadly expanded as in A. kruyti. Adrianichthys roseni differs further from A. kruyti in having fewer scales in a lateral series (approximately 63–65 versus 70–75), attaining a smaller maximum recorded standard length (90mm versus 109mm), and having the lateral process of the pelvic bone in line with the fifth, rather than the eighth, pleural rib. Oryzias nebulosus shares with O. nigrimas, also from Lake Poso, a unique sexual dichromatism in preserved specimens: adult males are dark gray to black, whereas females are a lighter grayish-yellow to brown. Relative to O. nigrimas, O. nebulosus is a small species (maximum recorded SL 33mm versus 51mm), with pelvic fins relatively anterior (lateral process of pelvic bone is in line with the third, fourth, or fifth, modally fourth, rather than the fourth or fifth, modally fifth, pleural rib), dorsal fin relatively anterior (origin above the 12–14th anal fin ray as opposed to the 15–17th anal fin ray), precaudal vertebrae 11–13, modally 12 (versus 13–14, modally 13), and relatively straight, narrow and slender (as opposed to curved, broad, and robust) ossified and cartilaginous portions of the gill arches. Endemic buntingi are threatened by introduction of exotic species, overfishing, and pollution. A conservation plan includes rearing native fishes for local use as ornamental fishes and possible reintroduction. 相似文献
76.
Sugiharto B Ermawati N Mori H Aoki K Yonekura-Sakakibara K Yamaya T Sugiyama T Sakakibara H 《Plant & cell physiology》2002,43(3):350-354
We have identified a drought-inducible gene, designated as SoDip22, in sugarcane leaves. The cDNA encoded a hydrophilic protein with a calculated molecular mass of 15.9 kDa and the amino acid sequence was similar to that of ABA, stress and ripening-inducible protein from various plant species. ABA or mannitol-treatment of the detached leaves also induced SoDip22 expression. Stepwise homogenization of the stressed leaves showed that SoDip22 is localized in bundle sheath cells. These results suggest that SoDip22 functions to adapt to drought stress in the bundle sheath cell, and that the signaling pathway for the induction is, at least in a part, mediated by ABA. 相似文献
77.
Ergonomics as a scientific method was familiar in industrial regimes. Its trajectories have rapidly grown up to multiple dimensions in which the socio-technical aspects are inherent. Since ergonomics has promoted a new perspective in view of the relationships among the man-machine-systems, it has brought the remarkable progress compared with mono-spectrum in a mechanistic perspective. In the case of Indonesia, the functioning of ergonomics is urgent as the national productivity level is still less optimal. Since Indonesia has no established policies in societal life quality empowerment, it is important to overcome the insecurity on social welfare for securing sustainability. Since the ergonomics philosophy has promoted a humanity perspective in the country, it is necessary to use it as a means of enhancing productivity in order to achieve societal prosperity. Nevertheless, shaping the social prosperity by counting on ergonomics is insufficient, the development of policies and strategic plans should be addressed by identifying existing mapping of the roles of stakeholders in multiple perspectives. This paper is focused on describing ergonomics-based foresight and its prospectus for shaping the social and welfare security in Indonesia by analyzing its roles in social development. 相似文献
78.
Net changes of soil C stocks in two grassland soils 26 months after simulated pasture renovation including biochar addition 下载免费PDF全文
Roberto Calvelo Pereira Mike Hedley Marta Camps Arbestain Erwin Wisnubroto Steve Green Surinder Saggar Bambang H. Kusumo Ainul F. Mahmud 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2016,8(3):600-615
The use of deep‐rooting pasture species as a management practice can increase the allocation of plant carbon (C) below ground and enhance C storage. A 2‐year lysimeter trial was set up to compare changes in C stocks of soils under either deep‐ or shallow‐rooting pastures and investigate whether biochar addition below the top 10 cm could promote root growth at depth. For this i) soil ploughing at cultivation was simulated in a silt loam soil and in a sandy soil by inverting the 0 to 10 and 10‐ to 20‐cm‐depth soil layers, and a distinctive biochar (selected for each soil to overcome soil‐specific plant growth limitations) was mixed at 10 Mg ha?1 in the buried layer, where appropriate and ii) three pasture types with contrasting root systems were grown. In the silt loam, soil inversion resulted in a general loss of C (2.0–8.1 Mg ha?1), particularly in the buried horizon, under shallow‐rooting pastures only. The addition of a C‐rich biochar (equivalent to 7.6 Mg C ha?1) to this soil resulted in a net C gain (21–40% over the non‐biochar treatment, P < 0.10) in the buried layer under all pastures; this overcame the loss of C in this horizon under shallow‐rooting pastures. In the sandy soil, all pastures were able to maintain soil C stocks at 10–20 cm depth over time, with minor gains of C (1.6–5.1 Mg ha?1) for the profile. In this soil, the exposure of a skeletal‐ and nutrient‐depleted soil layer at the surface may have fostered root growth at depth. The addition of a nutrient‐rich biochar (equivalent to 3.6 Mg C ha?1) to this soil had no apparent effect on C stocks. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which soil C stocks at depth are preserved. 相似文献
79.
Yuzuru Hamada Tsuyoshi Watanabe Osamu Takenaka Bambang Suryobroto Yoshi Kawamoto 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(1):65-80
The body color of Sulawesi macaques was measured quantitatively and compared among the different monkeys. As a result, divergence
models for extant Sulawesi macaques, withtonkeana as the starting point and fading as the sole direction of color change, were inferred as follows: (1) fading slightly on
the upper half of the body—nigra, fading more on the proximal part of the body—nigrescens; (2) fading over the whole body—maura; (3) fading greatly on the legs—hecki; and (4) fading on the distal part of the body—ochreata, fading more over the whole body, including the proximal part of the body—brunnescens. The color changed progressively in the order of (1) through (4). The divergence model, excluding the position ofhecki (3), supports the speciation model ofFooden (1969). If the proto-Sulawesi macaques had a body color pattern similar to the livingnemestrina, darkening would have been necessary for the evolution of the Sulawesi macaques after their immigration, and it may have
been acquired as an adaptation to the ground (forest floor) living nature of the Sulawesi macaques, together with influences
deriving from the insularity and/or from the absence of predators. 相似文献