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11.
Culture and molecular-based techniques were used to characterize bacterial diversity in the cooling water system of a fast breeder test reactor (FBTR). Techniques were selected for special emphasis on sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Water samples from different locations of the FBTR cooling water system, in addition to biofilm scrapings from carbon steel coupons and a control SRB sample were characterized. Whole genome extraction of the water samples and SRB diversity by group specific primers were analysed using nested PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results of the bacterial assay in the cooling water showed that the total culturable bacteria (TCB) ranged from 10(3) to 10(5)?cfu?ml(-1); iron-reducing bacteria, 10(3) to 10(5)?cfu?ml(-1); iron oxidizing bacteria, 10(2) to 10(3)?cfu?ml(-1) and SRB, 2-29?cfu?ml(-1). However, the counts of the various bacterial types in the biofilm sample were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher. SRB diversity by the nested PCR-DGGE approach showed the presence of groups 1, 5 and 6 in the FBTR cooling water system; however, groups 2, 3 and 4 were not detected. The study demonstrated that the PCR protocol influenced the results of the diversity analysis. The paper further discusses the microbiota of the cooling water system and its relevance in biofouling. 相似文献
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R. Sindhu P. Govindaraj A. Balamurugan C. Appunu 《Journal of plant biochemistry and biotechnology.》2011,20(1):118-124
Understanding the pattern of diversity among the commercial sugarcane hybrids is highly useful to sugarcane breeders in planning and broadening the genetic base. Genetic analysis of 22 cultivated sugarcane hybrids representing all agro-eco climatic regions of tropical India was carried out using ten sequence tagged microsatellite sites (STMS) primers. A total of 127 markers were amplified, of which 78.74% were polymorphic with an average of 10 polymorphic products per STMS primer. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient value estimated between closely related hybrids was 0.889 while the lowest coefficient value of 0.574 was detected with distantly related hybrids. The average genetic similarity among the hybrids was ~84.8%. These results indicated the existence of low level of genetic diversity among the commercial hybrids under cultivation. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis detected five major clusters. Cluster II consisted of four varieties which had Co 775 as one of the parents. Variety CoC 671 and its somaclone Co 94012 were grouped into cluster IIa. Varieties grouped in the cluster III had either CoC 671 or Co 775 in their genealogy indicating the influence of parental genome contribution to clustering. Varieties developed for east coast zone were grouped in the clusters IIb, IIIb, IIIc and IVe which indicated the influence of adaptation of varieties to particular agro-climatic condition. The study also identified 12 unique markers which can be useful in varietal identification and rouging in seed plot. 相似文献
13.
Thachamvally Riyesh Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan Arnab Sen Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash Gnanavel Venkatesan Vinita Yadav Raj Kumar Singh 《中国病毒学》2011,26(5):324-337
In this study, thermo-adapted (Ta) PPR vaccines were assessed for their stability at 25, 37, 40, 42 and 45°C in lyophilized
form using two extrinsic stabilizers {lactalbumin hydrolysate-sucrose (LS) and stabilizer E} and in reconstituted form with
the diluents (1 mol/L MgSO4 or 0.85% NaCl). The lyophilized vaccines showed an expiry period of 24–26 days at 25°C, 7–8 days at 37°C and 3–4 days at
40°C. LS stabilizer was superior at 42°C with a shelf-life of 44 h, whereas in stabilizer E, a 40 h shelf-life with a comparable
half-life was observed. At 45°C, the half-life in stabilizer E was better than LS and lasted for 1 day. Furthermore, the reconstituted
vaccine maintained the titre for 48 h both at 4°C and 25°C and for 24–30 h at 37°C. As both the stabilizers performed equally
well with regard to shelf-life and half-life, the present study suggests LS as stabilizer as a choice for lyophilization with
0.85% NaCl diluent, because it has better performance at higher temperature. These Ta vaccines can be used as alternatives
to existing vaccines for the control of the disease in tropical countries as they are effective in avoiding vaccination failure
due to the breakdown in cold-chain maintenance, as this vaccine is considerably more stable at ambient temperatures. 相似文献
14.
Jagadeesan B Fleishman Littlejohn AE Amalaradjou MA Singh AK Mishra KK La D Kihara D Bhunia AK 《PloS one》2011,6(6):e20694
Background
Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) is a housekeeping bifunctional enzyme consisting of N-terminal acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and C-terminal alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). It aids Listeria monocytogenes in crossing the epithelial barrier through a paracellular route by interacting with its host receptor, heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60). To gain insight into the binding interaction between LAP and Hsp60, LAP subdomain(s) participating in the Hsp60 interaction were investigated.Methods
Using a ModBase structural model, LAP was divided into 4 putative subdomains: the ALDH region contains N1 (Met1–Pro223) and N2 (Gly224–Gly411), and the ADH region contains C1 (Gly412–Val648) and C2 (Pro649–Val866). Each subdomain was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Purified subdomains were used in ligand overlay, immunofluorescence, and bead-based epithelial cell adhesion assays to analyze each domain''s affinity toward Hsp60 protein or human ileocecal epithelial HCT-8 cells.Results
The N2 subdomain exhibited the greatest affinity for Hsp60 with a K D of 9.50±2.6 nM. The K D of full-length LAP (7.2±0.5 nM) to Hsp60 was comparable to the N2 value. Microspheres (1 µm diameter) coated with N2 subdomain showed significantly (P<0.05) higher binding to HCT-8 cells than beads coated with other subdomains and this binding was inhibited when HCT-8 cells were pretreated with anti-Hsp60 antibody to specifically block epithelial Hsp60. Furthermore, HCT-8 cells pretreated with purified N2 subdomain also reduced L. monocytogenes adhesion by about 4 log confirming its involvement in interaction with epithelial cells.Conclusion
These data indicate that the N2 subdomain in the LAP ALDH domain is critical in initiating interaction with mammalian cell receptor Hsp60 providing insight into the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis for the development of potential anti-listerial control strategies. 相似文献15.
16.
Shigella boydii causes bacillary dysentery or shigellosis and generates a significant burden in the developing nations. S. boydii-mediated infection assays were performed at both physiological and molecular levels using Caenorhabditis elegans as a host. Continuous exposure of worms to S. boydii showed a reduced life span indicating the pathogenicity of Shigella. Quantitative Real-Time PCR analysis was performed to analyze the expression and regulation of host specific candidate-antimicrobial genes (clec-60, clec-87, lys-7), which were expressed significantly during early infection, but weakened during the latter hours. Increased mortality of mutant RB1285 by S. boydii and Shigella flexneri indicated the role of lys-7 during Shigella infection. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) database was used to analyze the interaction of immune proteins in both C. elegans and humans. In addition, the expression and regulation were revealed about immune genes (clec-61, clec-62, clec-63, F54D5.3 and ZK1320.2), which encode several intermediate immune protein partners (CLEC-61, CLEC-62, CLEC-63, F54D5.3, ZK1320.2, W03D2.6 and THN-2) that interact with LYS-7 and CLEC-60 and were found to play a role in C. elegans immune defense against S. boydii infections. Similarly, the immune genes that are specific to the human defense system, which encode IGHV4-39, A2M, LTF, and CD79A, were predicted to be expressed with LYZ and MBL2, thus indicating their regulation during Shigella infections. Our results using the lowest eukaryotic model system and human database indicated that the major players involved in immunity-related processes appear to be common in cases of Shigella sp. mediated immune responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Computational Methods for Protein Interaction and Structural Prediction. 相似文献
17.
Gnanavel Venkatesan Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan Revaniah Yogisharadhya Amit Kumar Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash 《中国病毒学》2012,27(6):352-358
In the present study, the partial gene sequences of P32 protein, an immunogenic envelope protein of Capripoxviruses (CaPV), were analyzed to assess the genetic relationship among sheeppox and goatpox virus isolates, and restriction enzyme specific PCR-RFLP was developed to differentiate CaPV strains. A total of six goatpox virus (GTPV) and nine sheeppox virus (SPPV) isolates of Indian origin were included in the sequence analysis of the attachment gene. The sequence analysis revealed a high degree of sequence identity among all the Indian SPPV and GTPV isolates at both nucleotide and amino acid levels. Phylogenetic analysis showed three distinct clusters of SPPV, GTPV and Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) isolates. Further, multiple sequence alignment revealed a unique change at G120A in all GTPV isolates resulting in the formation of Dra I restriction site in lieu of EcoR I, which is present in SPPV isolates studied. This change was unique and exploited to develop restriction enzyme specific PCR-RFLP for detection and differentiation of SPPV and GTPV strains. The optimized PCR-RFLP was validated using a total of fourteen (n=14) cell culture isolates and twenty two (n=22) known clinical samples of CaPV. The Restriction Enzyme specific PCR-RFLP to differentiate both species will allow a rapid differential diagnosis during CaPV outbreaks particularly in mixed flocks of sheep and goats and could be an adjunct/supportive tool for complete gene or virus genome sequencing methods. 相似文献
18.
Hierarchical Zn–Co–S Nanowires as Advanced Electrodes for All Solid State Asymmetric Supercapacitors
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A facile two‐step strategy is developed to design the large‐scale synthesis of hierarchical, unique porous architecture of ternary metal hydroxide nanowires grown on porous 3D Ni foam and subsequent effective sulfurization. The hierarchical Zn–Co–S nanowires (NWs) arrays are directly employed as an electrode for supercapacitors application. The as‐synthesized Zn–Co–S NWs deliver an ultrahigh areal capacity of 0.9 mA h cm?2 (specific capacity of 366.7 mA h g?1) at a current density of 3 mA cm?2, with an exceptional rate capability (≈227.6 mA h g?1 at a very high current density of 40 mA cm?2) and outstanding cycling stability (≈93.2% of capacity retention after 10 000 cycles). Most significantly, the assembled Zn–Co–S NWs//Fe2O3@reduced graphene oxide asymmetric supercapacitors with a wide operating potential window of ≈1.6 V yield an ultrahigh volumetric capacity of ≈1.98 mA h cm?3 at a current density of 3 mA cm?2, excellent energy density of ≈81.6 W h kg?1 at a power density of ≈559.2 W kg?1, and exceptional cycling performance (≈92.1% of capacity retention after 10 000 cycles). This general strategy provides an alternative to design the other ternary metal sulfides, making it facile, free‐standing, binder‐free, and cost‐effective ternary metal sulfide‐based electrodes for large‐scale applications in modern electronics. 相似文献
19.
Saiful Alom Siddique Thangavel Tamilselvan Manikkannan Vishnupriya Elumalai Balamurugan 《Neurochemical research》2018,43(6):1171-1181
A number of neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in contributing to the pathology of mood disorders, including those of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REMSD) alters most of the neurotransmitters, which may have adverse behavioural changes and other health consequences like mania and other psychiatric disorders. The exact role of REMSD altered neurotransmitter levels and the manner in which emerging consequences lead to mania-like behaviour is poorly understood. Thus, we sought to verify the levels of neurotransmitter changes after 48, 72 and 96 h of REMSD induced mania-like behaviour in mice. We performed modified multiple platform (MMP) method of depriving the REM sleep and one group maintained as a control. To measure the hyperactivity through locomotion, exploration and behavioural despair, we performed the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). Quantitative determinations of DA, 5-HT, NE and GABA concentrations in four distinct brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, and pons) were determined by the spectrofluorimetric method. These experiments showed higher locomotion and increased swimming, struggling/climbing and decreased mobility among REMSD animals as well as disrupted concentrations of the majority of the studied neurotransmitters during REMSD. Our study indicated that REMSD results in mania-like behaviour in mice and associated disruption to neurotransmitter levels, although the exact mechanisms by which these take place remain to be determined. 相似文献
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