Recent progress in research on insect histone deacetylases (HDACs)

组蛋白乙酰化修饰是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,由组蛋白乙酰基转移酶HATs和组蛋白去乙酰化酶HDACs共同调节.昆虫HDACs蛋白家族根据其同源性和结构的不同共分为4类,各昆虫物种之间既具有较高的保守同源性,同时也表现出一定的物种特异性.HDACs主要参与昆虫的胚胎发育、体节形成、寿命和神经行为等方面的调节.本文从HDACs蛋白的种类、系统发育、生理功能等方面展开,介绍了近年来国内外昆虫HDACs领域的最新研究进展,以期对研究昆虫表型可塑性调节机制以及探索新的害虫防治方法提供借鉴.     

A method for reducing error in estimating the effective accumulated temperature of the Helicoverpa armigera eclosion peak

为减小年际间气温变化对昆虫有效积温预测误差的影响,以新疆石河子垦区121团棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera(Hübner)羽化高峰期为例,利用single sine模型分别计算12年2种有效积温范围(10～30℃和10～35℃)的累计有效积温值,并获得其多年平均值,依此进行棉铃虫羽化高峰期预测;通过当年与12年(有效积温＞0日期至羽化高峰日期)平均气温之差,对预测误差进行校正.结果表明:当年平均气温与12年平均值差值越大,预测误差也越大;各代直线回归校正模型均达到显著水平(P＜0.05);2种有效积温范围下,校正后各代平均预测误差天数均有所减少,对越冬代误差校正效果最优,校正后各代历史符合率分别为83.33％、100％、100％和100％、100％、93.33％.该校正方法能够显著提高预测准确度,尤其适用于年际间棉铃虫发育期间平均气温变化较大的代别和地区,同时可为多种害虫预测误差校正提供了依据.     

mtCOI PCR-RFLP技术鉴别中国入侵型和土著型烟粉虱种群的有效性分析

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)是世界范围内最重要的入侵生物之一,准确地鉴别烟粉虱入侵生物型和土著生物型具有十分重要的现实意义。mtCOI PCR-RFLP技术具有快速、高效的特点,是当前应用最广泛的烟粉虱生物型鉴定技术,但是,不同限制性内切酶为基础的mtCOI PCR-RFLP技术在鉴定我国烟粉虱种群中的有效性仍不明了。本文比较了已报导的5种mtCOI PCR-RFLP技术在鉴别中国烟粉虱种群入侵生物型和土著生物型(B型、Q型,ZHJ1型、ZHJ2型、ZHJ3型)的有效性。结果表明,内切酶AluI不能区分B型和ZHJ2型烟粉虱;内切酶TaqI不能准确区分ZHJ3型和Q型烟粉虱个体;而内切酶VspI不仅不能准确区分ZHJ1型和Q型烟粉虱个体,也不能准确区分B型和ZHJ2型烟粉虱;内切酶MseI和Tru9I则不能有效鉴别上述5种烟粉虱生物型,因此不适宜推广使用。     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the FWS-DBL-1 solar insect killer and its safety with respect to predatory insects in the Turpan grape growing region

本文研究了FWS-DBL-1新型太阳能灭虫器在320～580、360、400、460和520nm 5种不同波长下对吐鲁番葡萄产区害虫的诱捕效果及对天敌安全性.结果表明:在5种波长下,灭虫器诱捕昆虫的种类相似,以鞘翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目、脉翅目、双翅目、直翅目和膜翅目等为主.诱捕的主要昆虫是蜉金龟Aphodius sp.、白云斑鳃金龟Polyphyyla alba vicaria Semenov、额喙丽金龟Adoretus nigriforns Steven、毛喙丽金龟Adoretus hirsutus Ohaus、绣罗夜蛾Leucanitis picta Christoph和淘赏夜蛾Catocala puerpera Gioma等.其中:灭虫器在400nm波长下的诱捕量最多,其次是320～580nm和360nm波长.综合分析比较:400nm波长对鞘翅目害虫的诱捕效果最好,360nm波长对鳞翅目和双翅目害虫的诱捕能力最强,520nm波长对半翅目害虫的诱捕效果最好.对天敌的安全性研究表明:FWS-DBL-1太阳能灭虫器对天敌有一定的诱捕作用,益害比为1:4～1:5.诱捕量较多的是步甲科和草蛉科的天敌,占天敌总诱捕量的85.82％.在这5个波长中,360nm波长下,灭虫器对天敌的诱捕作用最小,对天敌的安全性相对较高.     

太阳能灭虫器对吐鲁番葡萄产区害虫的诱捕效果及对天敌安全性评价

本文研究了FWS-DBL-1新型太阳能灭虫器在320～580、360、400、460和520 nm 5种不同波长下对吐鲁番葡萄产区害虫的诱捕效果及对天敌安全性。结果表明:在5种波长下,灭虫器诱捕昆虫的种类相似,以鞘翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目、脉翅目、双翅目、直翅目和膜翅目等为主。诱捕的主要昆虫是蜉金龟Aphodius sp.、白云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla alba vicaria Semenov、额喙丽金龟Adoretus nigriforns Steven、毛喙丽金龟Adoretus hirsutus Ohaus、绣罗夜蛾Leucanitis picta Christoph和淘赏夜蛾Catocala puerpera Giorna等。其中:灭虫器在400 nm波长下的诱捕量最多,其次是320～580 nm和360 nm波长。综合分析比较:400 nm波长对鞘翅目害虫的诱捕效果最好,360 nm波长对鳞翅目和双翅目害虫的诱捕能力最强,520 nm波长对半翅目害虫的诱捕效果最好。对天敌的安全性研究表明:FWS-DBL-1太阳能灭虫器对天敌有一定的诱捕作用,益害比为1∶4～1∶5。诱捕量较多的是步甲科和草蛉科的天敌,占天敌总诱捕量的85.82%。在这5个波长中,360 nm波长下,灭虫器对天敌的诱捕作用最小,对天敌的安全性相对较高。     

Analysis of genetic polymorphism of Athetis lepigone (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae ) populations from China based on mtDNA CO Ⅰ gene sequences

二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone 是2005年首次在河北省发现危害夏玉米苗的新害虫,2011年7月在河北、河南、山东、山西、安徽和江苏6省47市夏玉米苗期大面积暴发成灾,严重威胁玉米生产.为了从种群水平探讨该虫暴发成灾的机制,我们通过分析线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ (mtCO Ⅰ)基因序列来研究不同地区二点委夜蛾种群的进化关系.本研究采集了河北、河南、山东和山西等地的19个不同地理种群样本,用同源序列比对的方法分析样本mtCO Ⅰ基因片段,利用DnaSP 5.0软件和Arlequin 3.5软件对不同地理种群间的mtCO Ⅰ单倍型多样性分析和Tajima's D中性检测,建立了单倍型邻接(N-J)系统发育进化树和单倍型网络图.结果表明,在203头个体的658 bp mtCO Ⅰ基因片段中,得到17种单倍型和18个变异位点,河北省的二点委夜蛾的单倍型多态性最丰富,而河南、山东和山西3省采集的二点委夜蛾样品其单倍型均有与河北种群单倍型一致的类型.二点委夜蛾不同地理种群间基因流水平较高,种群间没有明显的遗传分化,并且在较近的历史时期未经历明显的种群扩张.     

Sequence evolution correlates with structural dynamics

Biochemical activity and core stability are essential properties of proteins, maintained usually by conserved amino acids. Structural dynamics emerged in recent years as another essential aspect of protein functionality. Structural dynamics enable the adaptation of the protein to binding substrates and to undergo allosteric transitions, while maintaining the native fold. Key residues that mediate structural dynamics would thus be expected to be conserved or exhibit coevolutionary patterns at least. Yet, the correlation between sequence evolution and structural dynamics is yet to be established. With recent advances in efficient characterization of structural dynamics, we are now in a position to perform a systematic analysis. In the present study, a set of 34 enzymes representing various folds and functional classes is analyzed using information theory and elastic network models. Our analysis shows that the structural regions distinguished by their coevolution propensity as well as high mobility are predisposed to serve as substrate recognition sites, whereas residues acting as global hinges during collective dynamics are often supported by conserved residues. We propose a mobility scale for different types of amino acids, which tends to vary inversely with amino acid conservation. Our findings suggest the balance between physical adaptability (enabled by structure-encoded motions) and chemical specificity (conferred by correlated amino acid substitutions) underlies the selection of a relatively small set of versatile folds by proteins.     

Constraints imposed by the membrane selectively guide the alternating access dynamics of the glutamate transporter GltPh

Substrate transport in sodium-coupled amino acid symporters involves a large-scale conformational change that shifts the access to the substrate-binding site from one side of the membrane to the other. The structural change is particularly substantial and entails a unique piston-like quaternary rearrangement in glutamate transporters, as evidenced by the difference between the outward-facing and inward-facing structures resolved for the archaeal aspartate transporter Glt(Ph). These structural changes occur over time and length scales that extend beyond the reach of current fully atomic models, but are regularly explored with the use of elastic network models (ENMs). Despite their success with other membrane proteins, ENM-based approaches for exploring the collective dynamics of Glt(Ph) have fallen short of providing a plausible mechanism. This deficiency is attributed here to the anisotropic constraints imposed by the membrane, which are not incorporated into conventional ENMs. Here we employ two novel (to our knowledge) ENMs to demonstrate that one can largely capture the experimentally observed structural change using only the few lowest-energy modes of motion that are intrinsically accessible to the transporter, provided that the surrounding lipid molecules are incorporated into the ENM. The presence of the membrane reduces the overall energy of the transition compared with conventional models, showing that the membrane not only guides the selected mechanism but also acts as a facilitator. Finally, we show that the dynamics of Glt(Ph) is biased toward transitions of individual subunits of the trimer rather than cooperative transitions of all three subunits simultaneously, suggesting a mechanism of transport that exploits the intrinsic dynamics of individual subunits. Our software is available online at http://www.membranm.csb.pitt.edu.     

近十年来鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群数量与分布

1998—2010年,该研究采用地面同步调查法在鄱阳湖区64个湖泊开展了越冬白鹤种群监测。结果表明,鄱阳湖区分布有稳定的越冬白鹤种群,鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群数量年平均值为(3108±849)只,2002年冬季达到最大值4004只;从2003年开始鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤数量表现出一定的年际波动,但变化幅度较小。共有46个湖泊被记录到有白鹤活动。其中,达到全球白鹤种群数量1%标准以上的湖泊达25个;白鹤数量接近或超过全球白鹤种群数量的40%,即1280只个体以上的湖泊包括鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内的大汊池、蚌湖和蚕豆湖,以及保护区外的南湖。自然保护区涵盖了越冬白鹤的主要聚集湖泊。分布在自然保护区内的白鹤占鄱阳湖区越冬白鹤种群总数量的(66±27.3)%。保护区外分布的白鹤数量虽然总体呈下降趋势,但仍分布有一定数量的个体。