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91.
92.
Ayomide Emmanuel Fadiji Olubukola Oluranti Babalola 《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2020,27(12):3622-3633
Pathogen affects plant growth, host health and productivity. Endophytes, presumed to live inside the plant tissues, might be helpful in sustaining the future of agriculture. Although recent studies have proven that endophytes can be pathogenic, commensal, non-pathogenic, and/or beneficial, this review will focus on the beneficial category only. Beneficial endophytes produce a number of compounds which are useful for protecting plants from environmental conditions, enhancing plant growth and sustainability, while living conveniently inside the hosts. The population of endophytes is majorly controlled by location, and climatic conditions where the host plant grows. Often the most frequently isolated endophytes from the tissues of the plant are fungi, but sometimes greater numbers of bacteria are isolated. Beneficial endophytes stand a chance to replace the synthetic chemicals currently being used for plant growth promotion if carefully explored by researchers and embraced by policymakers. However, the roles of endophytes in plant growth improvement and their behavior in the host plant have not been fully understood. This review presents the current development of research into beneficial endophytes and their effect in improving plant growth. 相似文献
93.
PETER J. WANIEK LEILA MENDONÇA‐LIMA GUSTAVO B. MENEZES ANA M. JANSEN CATARINA A. C. ARAÚJO 《Physiological Entomology》2009,34(4):309-317
Insect c‐type lysozymes are antibacterial proteins that are synthesized in different organs with high activity against Gram‐positive bacteria. Because lysozymes possess muramidase activity, they also play an important role in the digestion of bacteria in Diptera. Triatomines express lysozyme‐encoding genes constitutively in the anterior region (cardia and stomach) of the midgut and the fat body after injection of bacteria into the haemocoel. The present study describes the overexpression of the Triatoma brasiliensis lysozyme 1 (lys1) in Escherichia coli. Recombinant T. brasiliensis Lys1 (TbLys1) is purified after solubilization of the inclusion bodies. The protein refolds successfully, showing muramidase activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus lyophilized cells, after enterokinase cleavage of its thioredoxin fusion protein. In in‐gel zymograms and turbidimetric liquid assays TbLys1 is broadly active under alkaline and acid conditions, indicating a possible digestive function in the two physiologically different midgut regions of the bug: the stomach and small intestine. Muramidase activity is shown in the stomach and small intestine content of unfed bugs and bugs at different days after feeding, respectively. Western blot analysis identifies TbLys1 as lysozyme. 相似文献
94.
Sun Am KIM Mi Young NOH Yong Hun JO Seung Han OH Iksoo KIM Yong Seok LEE Heung Cheol KIM Sook Jae SEO In Seok BANG Yeon Soo HAN 《Entomological Research》2009,39(2):129-134
The 14-3-3 proteins are known to play an important regulatory role in apoptosis, and various cell signaling cascades. However, no investigation on mosquito 14-3-3 has been reported. To investigate the role of 14-3-3 proteins in mosquito midgut cells undergoing apoptosis, we decided to take advantage of Anopheles gambiae genome data, and were able to find Ag14-3-3ζ cDNA and protein sequences from Ensembl ( http://www.ensembl.org ). Further in silico analysis using BLAST search revealed that Ag14-3-3ζ protein is a polypeptide of 248 amino acids, and shares high identity with 14-3-3ζ homologues from Aedes aegypti (100%), Drosophila melanogaster (96%) and Bombyx mori (93%). Due to the perfect match and high homology, we hypothesized that Ag14-3-3ζ peptide antibody may recognize 14-3-3ζ homologs from other anopheline mosquitoes and insects. We thus generated 14-3-3ζ polyclonal antibody against a unique region located in the C-terminal end of Ag14-3-3ζ after in silico epitope analysis. As expected, zoo-western blot analysis of 14-3-3 proteins revealed that a polyclonal antibody against Ag14-3-3ζ peptide recognizes 14-3-3 homologs from dipteran and lepidopteran insects. To our knowledge, this is the first report on polyclonal antibody production against mosquito 14-3-3ζ. The mosquito-based 14-3-3ζ antibody will be very useful for studying the functional characterization of 14-3-3ζ in the context of host–pathogen interactions in midgut and other immune cells. 相似文献
95.
PAUL MELLOY GRANT HOLLAWAY JO LUCK ROB NORTON ELIZABETH AITKEN SUKUMAR CHAKRABORTY 《Global Change Biology》2010,16(12):3363-3373
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is increasingly affecting food production but how plant diseases will influence production and quality of food under rising CO2 is not well understood. With increased plant biomass at high CO2 the stubble‐borne fungal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum causing crown rot (CR) of wheat may become more severe. We have studied inoculum production by Fusarium using fungal biomass per unit wheat stubble, stem browning from CR and the saprophytic fitness of Fusarium strains isolated from two wheat varieties grown in 2007 and 2008 at ambient and elevated CO2 in free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) with or without irrigation and once in a controlled environment. Fungal biomass, determined using primers for fungal ribosomal 18s and the TRI5 gene, increased significantly at elevated CO2 in two of the three studies. Stem browning increased significantly at elevated CO2 in the 2007 FACE study. At elevated CO2 increased stem browning was not influenced by irrigation in a susceptible variety but in a resistant variety stem browning increased by 68% without irrigation. Wheat variety was significant in regression models explaining stem browning and Fusarium biomass but pathogen biomass at the two CO2 levels was not significantly linked to stem browning. Fusarium isolates from ambient and elevated CO2 did not differ significantly in their saprophytic fitness measured by the rate of colonization of wheat straw. We show that under elevated CO2Fusarium inoculum in stubbles will be amplified from increased crop and pathogen biomass while unimpeded saprophytic fitness will retain its effectiveness. If resistant varieties cannot completely stop infection, Fusarium will rapidly colonize stubble to further increase inoculum once the crop is harvested. Research should move beyond documenting the influence of elevated CO2 to developing disease management strategies from improved knowledge of pathogen biology and host resistance under rising CO2. 相似文献
96.
Yong Hun JO Seung Han OH Bo Mi PARK Dong Hyun Kim Bharat Bhusan PATNAIK Ho Beom LEE Hun Cheon JEONG Yong Seok LEE Kisung KO In Seok Bang Iksoo KIM Yeon Soo HAN 《Entomological Research》2011,41(6):293-293
The tumor suppressor, QM, has been cloned and characterized from various model organisms such as human, plant and invertebrates. Yet, it has not been seriously investigated for its role in conjunction with antiviral mechanisms involving innate insect immunity. From the expressed sequence tag (ESTs) project, conducted with larval cDNA library of cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, a partial fragment (718 bp) of QM homologue, termed PrQM containing 660 bp long open reading frame (ORF) encoding protein of 219 amino acids was identified. In silico analysis of PrQM ORF revealed the presence of ribosomal protein L10a/L10e type domain. Phylogenetic analysis of the P. rapae QM‐like protein showed high amino acid sequence similarity with other PrQM polypeptides identified from Heliothis virescenes (95%), Plutella rapae (92%), Bombyx mori (92%), Drosophila melanogaster (89%), and Polyrhachis vicina (85%). The butterfly QM has the closest phylogenetic relationship to a moth (Hv) QM homologue. Further investigations revealed the expression of PrQM at all developmental stages, with pronounced presence at the egg stage. In addition, spatial pattern analysis indicated its high expression in the head, salivary gland, integument and fat body with visible presence in Malpighian tubule and gut. Time course expression studies conducted after immune‐challenge with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) showed the induction of PrQM mRNA at 12 h and 24 h after challenge and also in response to granulovirus (GV). Results of this investigation therefore suggest possible role of QM‐like proteins from Pieris rapae to be involved in innate antiviral immune responses. Further elucidation on the precise function of PrQM during antiviral immune responses by using RNA interference remains a viable research front. 相似文献
97.
GEOFFREY M. REED JOÃO MENDONÇA CORREIA PATRICIA ESPARZA SHEKHAR SAXENA MARIO MAJ 《World psychiatry》2011,10(2):118-131
This article describes the results of the WPA-WHO Global Survey of 4,887
psychiatrists in 44 countries regarding their use of diagnostic classification
systems in clinical practice, and the desirable characteristics of a classification
of mental disorders. The WHO will use these results to improve the clinical
utility of the ICD classification of mental disorders through the current
ICD-10 revision process. Participants indicated that the most important purposes
of a classification are to facilitate communication among clinicians and to
inform treatment and management. They overwhelmingly preferred a simpler system
with 100 or fewer categories, and over two-thirds preferred flexible guidance
to a strict criteria-based approach. Opinions were divided about how to incorporate
severity and functional status, while most respondents were receptive to a
system that incorporates a dimensional component. Significant minorities of
psychiatrists in Latin America and Asia reported problems with the cross-cultural
applicability of existing classifications. Overall, ratings of ease of use
and goodness of fit for specific ICD-10 categories were fairly high, but several
categories were described as having poor utility in clinical practice. This
represents an important focus for the ICD revision, as does ensuring that
the ICD-11 classification of mental disorders is acceptable to psychiatrists
throughout the world. 相似文献
98.
DIMAS M. RIBEIRO RADHIKA DESIKAN JO BRIGHT ANA CONFRARIA JUDITH HARRISON JOHN T. HANCOCK RAIMUNDO S. BARROS STEVEN J. NEILL & IAN D. WILSON 《Plant, cell & environment》2009,32(1):46-57
Abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure is mediated by a complex, guard cell signalling network involving nitric oxide (NO) as a key intermediate. However, there is a lack of information concerning the role of NO in the ABA-enhanced stomatal closure seen in dehydrated plants. The data herein demonstrate that, while nitrate reductase (NR)1-mediated NO generation is required for the ABA-induced closure of stomata in turgid leaves, it is not required for ABA-enhanced stomatal closure under conditions leading to rapid dehydration. The results also show that NO signalling in the guard cells of turgid leaves requires the ABA-signalling pathway to be both capable of function and active. The alignment of this NO signalling with guard cell Ca2+ -dependent/independent ABA signalling is discussed. The data also highlight a physiological role for NO signalling in turgid leaves and show that stomatal closure during the light-to-dark transition requires NR1-mediated NO generation and signalling. 相似文献
99.
JO ANNE CROUCH LANE P. TREDWAY† BRUCE B. CLARKE BRADLEY I. HILLMAN 《Molecular ecology》2009,18(1):123-135
Over the past decade, the emergence of anthracnose disease has newly challenged the health of turfgrasses on North American golf courses, resulting in considerable economic loss. The fungus responsible for the outbreaks, Colletotrichum cereale , has also been identified from numerous natural grasses and cereal crops, although disease symptoms are generally absent. Here we utilize phylogenetic and population genetic analyses to determine the role of ecosystem in the advancement of turfgrass anthracnose and assess whether natural grass and/or cereal inhabitants are implicated in the epidemics. Using a four-gene nucleotide data set to diagnose the limits of phylogenetic species and population boundaries, we find that the graminicolous Colletotrichum diverged from a common ancestor into distinct lineages correspondent with host physiology (C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways). In the C4 lineage, which includes the important cereal pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola , C. sublineolum , C. falcatum , C. eleusines , C. caudatum and several novel species, host specialization predominates, with host-associated lineages corresponding to isolated sibling species. Although the C3 lineage — C. cereale — is comprised of one wide host-range species, it is divided into 10 highly specialized populations corresponding to ecosystem and/or host plant, along with a single generalist population spread across multiple habitat types. Extreme differentiation between the specialized C. cereale populations suggests that asymptomatic nonturfgrass hosts are unlikely reservoirs of infectious disease propagules, but gene flow between the generalist population and the specialized genotypes provides an indirect mechanism for genetic exchange between otherwise isolated populations and ecosystems. 相似文献
100.
NICOLA THERESE MUNRO KELLI‐JO KOVAC DARREN NIEJALKE ROSS B. CUNNINGHAM 《Austral ecology》2009,34(8):837-847
Fire can often occur in aquatic ecosystems, which may affect aquatic invertebrates. Despite the importance of aquatic invertebrates to ecosystem function, the effect of fire on these environments has been little studied. We studied the effects of fire on aquatic invertebrates in artesian springs in the arid zone of South Australia. Artesian springs are a unique and threatened ecosystem, containing several rare and endemic species. Evidence suggests these wetlands were routinely burnt by indigenous Aboriginal people before European settlement over 100 years ago. Recently, burning has been suggested as a reinstated management tool to control the dominant reed Phragmites australis. A reduction in the cover of the reed may benefit the threatened flora and fauna through enhancement of water flow. Three artesian springs were burnt and aquatic invertebrates sampled from the burnt and three unburnt springs. A single fire in late winter completely burnt the dominant vegetation, followed by recovery of Phragmites over the following 2 years. A single fire event did not deplete populations of endemic aquatic invertebrates in artesian springs, but probably did not substantially benefit these populations either. Isopods, amphipods, ostracods and three species of hydrobiid snail survived the fire event, and most had increased in number 1 month post fire but then returned to pre‐burnt numbers by 1 year post fire. Morphospecies richness of all identified invertebrates increased over time in all springs, but did not differ appreciably between burnt and unburnt springs. If burning artesian springs is to be adopted as a management tool to suppress the growth of Phragmites australis, we conclude that the endemic aquatic invertebrates will survive a single burn event, without negative effect to their populations. 相似文献