蝽类昆虫在地球生命中的主干种演化历程

以支系和进化主干的视角看待某一类群的系统发育地位更有利于将前进进化与分支进化的认识相结合.关于蝽类昆虫在生命树中的支系位置,近年来积累的证据已经在对于若干节点的认识上有了新的观点.随着现生类群生命树的构建以及化石类群与现生类群系统发育关系的整合,每个支系所经过的系统发育历程将逐渐变得清晰,并对相关的个体发育研究具有一定参考价值.本文致力于将近10年来的各种主流意见更迭完整地体现在对于蝽类昆虫支系地位的认识上.     

Growth Hormone Treatment of Hypophysectomized Rats Increases Catecholamine-induced Lipolysis and the Number of β-Adrenergic Receptors in Adipocytes: No Differences in the Effects of Growth Hormone on Different Fat Depots

Growth hormone (GH) has a lipolytic effect in adipose tissue but this effect may differ in adipose tissue from various fat depots. This latter possibility was investigated in the present study, in which the effects of GH in vivo on catecholamine-induced lipolysis and the number of β-adrenergic receptors in isolated adipocytes from different fat depots of hypophysectomized rats were investigated. Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were hypophysectomized or sham-operated at 45 days of age. One week after the operation, hormonal replacement therapy with L-thyroxine and hydrocortisone acetate was given. In addition, groups of rats were treated with GH (1.33 mg/kg per day, given as two daily subcutaneous injections). After 1 week of hormonal treatment, adipocytes were isolated from the parametrial, epididymal and inguinal fat pads, and glycerol release after catecholamine-stimulation and ¹²⁵I-cyanopindolol binding were measured. Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in the lipolytic response to catecholamines. GH treatment significantly increased catecholamine-induced lipolysis with similar effects in adipocytes from parametrial or epididymal and inguinal fat depots in both female and male rats. There were no differences between norepinephrine compared with isoproterenol-induced responses. ¹²⁵I-cyanopindolol binding was reduced after hypophysectomy and normalized by GH treatment, without differences between parametrial and inguinal adipose tissue regions. We conclude that the lipolytic effects of GH in the rat may partly be mediated by a stimulatory effect on β-adrenergic receptors in adipocytes. In addition, GH exerted similar effect on catecholamine-induced lipolysis and β-adrenergic receptors in adipocytes from parametrial, epididymal and inguinal fat depots.     

Real Time Measures of Prestin Charge and Fluorescence during Plasma Membrane Trafficking Reveal Sub-Tetrameric Activity

Prestin (SLC26a5) is the outer hair cell integral membrane motor protein that drives cochlear amplification, and has been described as an obligate tetramer. We studied in real time the delivery of YFP-prestin to the plasma membrane of cells from a tetracycline-inducible cell line. Following the release of temperature block to reinstate trans Golgi network delivery of the integral membrane protein, we measured nonlinear capacitance (NLC) and membrane fluorescence during voltage clamp. Prestin was delivered exponentially to the plasma membrane with a time constant of less than 10 minutes, with both electrical and fluorescence methods showing high temporal correlation. However, based on disparity between estimates of prestin density derived from either fluorescence or NLC, we conclude that sub-tetrameric forms of prestin contribute to our electrical and fluorescence measures. Thus, in agreement with previous observations we find that functional prestin is not an obligate tetramer.     

酵母pac—1基因的克隆、序列分析和在大肠杆菌中的高效表达及活性测定

粟酒裂殖酵母菌 (Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｓａｃｃｈａｒｍｙｃｅｓｐｏｍｂｅ)的 ｐａｃ 1基因于 1991年Ｙｕｉｃｈｉｌｉｎｏ等首次报道。在温度敏感型的酵母突变体中 ,ｐａｃ 1基因是一个多拷贝阻遏子 ,它使酵母在限制温度培养条件下的减数分裂不受调控 ,对酵母的生长过程起着重要的调节作用。该基因有一个编码 36 4个氨基酸的开放阅读框 ,编码产物的羧基端与大肠杆菌核糖核酸酶Ⅲ有2 5 %的同源性。通过酶活性测定 ,已经确定它是一类依赖ｄｓＲＮＡ的核糖核酸酶 ,具有降解ｄｓＲＮＡ的功能[1,2 ] 。由于大多数植物病毒为ＲＮＡ病毒 ,因此无论它的基…     

RNA的二级结构在动物分子系统学研究中的应用

作为一类重要的信息和功能分子,RNA在分子系统学研究中有着特殊的重要作用。RNA除了其一级结构以外,其二级结构亦可用于同源性比较。由于高级结构与功能的关系更为密切,比较的结果可以揭示一些在一级结构比较中难以发现的现象。     

不同水位梯度下的小叶章种群密度

通过人工试验控制水位条件,研究了在不同水位梯度条件下,小叶章种群密度的动态变化,并分析了不同时期小叶章种群密度与水位梯度之间的相关关系。结果表明,小叶章群落中,0~20 cm的水位梯度条件下,小叶章种群密度的季节动态呈比较明显的双峰型曲线。而小叶章-苔草群落中,在-10、0和30 cm水位梯度,小叶章种群密度季节动态曲线为双峰型。小叶章群落不同水位梯度的季节动态曲线显示,除10和20 cm的水位梯度,种群密度具有随着水位梯度的升高而降低的趋势。而小叶章-苔草群落小叶章种群密度最大值出现在0 cm水位梯度,种群密度与水位梯度之间关系复杂,没有简单的线性规律。两个群落均在10 cm水位具有明显的变化:试验初期种群密度显著快速增长,而后趋缓,再增长。小叶章种群密度与水位梯度之间存在着显著负相关性,利用两者之间的拟合方程可以估测不同水位梯度条件下的小叶章种群密度。     

人NFBD1启动子的鉴定与初步分析

NFBD1,也称MDC1,是一个参与细胞内DNA损伤后细胞应答反应的重要分子.为了进一步深入研究其转录调控机制,本研究克隆鉴定了NFBD1的启动子.首先应用5′ RACE技术鉴定了NFBD1的转录起始位点,首次发现NFBD1至少存在3种丰度和转录起始位点不同的转录变异体.然后,通过PCR定向克隆和酶切亚克隆策略,构建了覆盖NFBD1基因5′侧翼区起始密码子ATG上游5 kb区域的一系列NFBD1启动子荧光素酶报告基因重组体.启动子活性分析表明,NFBD1启动子区域定位于主要转录起始位点区域附近1.5 kb的区域内.采用转录因子结合位点预测分析软件分析表明,NFBD1启动子缺乏TATA盒,但含有典型的CCAAT盒和GC盒以及其它潜在的转录因子结合位点,提示Sp1和NF-Y等转录因子可能参与NFBD1的转录调控     

近10年瘤胃微生物分离培养研究进展

瘤胃微生物的研究一直是反刍动物营养研究的重点领域,自20世纪中期以来,大量参与营养代谢的微生物被从瘤胃中分离和认识.当代,尽管分子生物学方法越来越广泛的应用于瘤胃微生物的研究,但传统的分离纯培养的研究方法,因能够获得新的微生物菌种,便于微生物生理功能与代谢的研究,仍具有不可或缺的作用.本文综述了2001年至2011年间中国知网和PubMed数据库中通过纯培养方法从瘤胃中分离微生物菌株(包括新属、种或首次从瘤胃中分离)的相关文献,并展示了这些微生物的形态和发酵特征,同时总结了瘤胃微生物的全基因组信息,旨在为今后瘤胃微生物的研究提供参考菌种和信息.     

跑台运动训练和停训对去卵巢大鼠体成分和骨密度的影响

目的：研究中等强度跑台运动训练和停训对去卵巢大鼠骨密度和体成分的影响。方法：将60只成年雌性SD大鼠按体重分层后随机分为假手术组、去卵巢静止组和去卵巢运动组,每组20只。去卵巢运动组大鼠每周进行4次时间45min、速度18m／rain、跑道倾角5℃的跑台训练,持续训练14周时,将各组大鼠又随机分为两个亚组,即：假手术-16周（Sham．16）和假手术32周（Sham-32）组、去卵巢-16周（OVX-16）和去卵巢-32周（OVX-32）组以及去卵巢运动（EX）和停训组（DEX）。分别在末次训练结束36—48小时内或停训16周时,用双能X线骨密度仪检测各组大鼠体成分和骨密度的变化。结果：（1）训练结束时,OVX-16组大鼠体脂重量和含量显著高于Sham-16和EX组,而瘦体含量、全身骨密度和腰椎骨密度显著低于Sham-16和EX组,各组其他检测指标无显著变化。（2）停训16周时,OVX-32组大鼠体重、脂肪重量和体脂含量显著高于Sham-32组,而全身、腰椎和左右股骨骨密度以及瘦体含量显著低于Sham．32组;DEX组大鼠脂肪重量和体脂含量显著高于OVX-32组,而瘦体含量显著低于OVX-32组。结论：跑台运动对去卵巢大鼠体成分和骨密度的改善效应在停训16周时均未能被保持。