上海公园水体夏季浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系

为了解公园水体浮游植物群落状况,分析浮游植物物种分布和环境因子之间的关系,揭示浮游植物物种对生态环境的需求,于2008年7月和9月对上海市11个公园水体浮游植物群落进行了调查,对获得的浮游植物数据和环境因子数据进行典范相关分析(CCA),并绘制了物种与环境因子关系的二维排序图。结果表明：调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物384种,隶属于8门,浮游植物密度范围为2.01×10⁵～57.60×10⁵ cells·L^-1;群落组成以蓝藻、裸藻、硅藻和绿藻为主,主要优势种有细微颤藻、无常蓝纤维藻、尾裸藻、颗粒直链藻、梅尼小环藻、普通小球藻、四尾栅藻等;7月影响浮游植物分布的主要环境因子依次为铵态氮、溶解氧、水温和总磷,而9月的pH值、水温、溶解氧、透明度和总氮含量对浮游植物的分布产生影响较大;其中,透明度和浮游动物量是影响隐藻、甲藻和硅藻藻类生物量的主要环境因子,而蓝藻、裸藻、绿藻主要受水体氮磷营养盐浓度和溶解氧的影响。     

中国森林生态资产价值评估

森林资源是支撑人类社会发展的重要生态资产,探索森林生态资产价值的评估方法,对合理利用和有效保护森林资源具有重要意义。运用净现值法计算了中国森林生态资产总价值为698.5万亿元,其中直接价值为7.5万亿元,包括林木价值4.5万亿元和林下产品价值3.0万亿元;间接价值为691万亿元,其中,气候调节价值量最高,占间接价值的48%;水源涵养价值量次之,占间接价值的27%。从森林生态资产总价值的分布来看,广西省、广东省和云南省位于全国前列,分别占森林生态资产总价值的10%、9%和9%。单位面积森林生态资产价值表现为海南省、浙江省和广东省较高,分别为954万元/hm2,915万元/hm2和888万元/hm2。森林生态资产价值研究为我国编制自然资源资产负债表提供理论依据,因此全面的估算中国森林生态资产价值很有意义。     

低温驯化对布氏田鼠小肠黏膜结构和黏膜免疫相关细胞的影响

环境温度的变化影响野生啮齿动物的消化道形态与功能。小肠是吸收营养成分的主要部位,其结构和功能具有可塑性。为了解小肠黏膜的结构和功能对环境温度变化的响应机制,以布氏田鼠为研究对象,比较了低温组和常温组动物小肠黏膜的组织结构和小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的数目。结果显示：（1）低温组布氏田鼠的十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛长度及绒毛长度与隐窝深度的比值均高于对照组;（2）低温驯化使布氏田鼠小肠上皮内淋巴细胞的数量增加;（3）低温驯化使布氏田鼠十二指肠、空肠和回肠的杯状细胞数量均显著增加。结果表明,在低温环境下布氏田鼠的小肠黏膜结构和免疫细胞的数量发生了可塑性变化,这可能与低温环境下的高能量需求和免疫功能的变化有关。     

植被覆盖度对夏季降温效应的影响——以内蒙古为例

随着全球变暖的加剧,区域热环境问题日益凸显,植被的降温作用逐渐得到广泛关注。目前已有的研究多从样地尺度分析不同类型植被的降温效应。而区域尺度的研究多从定性的角度揭示地表温度与植被覆盖的关系,对评估植被的实际降温效应具有一定的局限性。以内蒙古为研究区,以MODIS地表温度数据为基础,采用近邻分析法,将森林、灌丛和草地的MODIS地表温度与相邻5km范围内的低覆盖地表作为对照,分析植被的降温效应以及植被覆盖度对降温效应的影响。从2015年7月地表温度平均值的结果来看,降温度数在蒙东、蒙中和蒙甘区均呈现森林>灌丛>草地。森林的降温范围在0.67-1.03℃,灌丛为0.60-0.95℃,草地为0.47-0.86℃。植被降温度数与植被覆盖度的回归拟合为对数分布,均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）。且在不同的植被覆盖度范围内植被降温效应具有显著差异,植被覆盖度水平较低时（<40%）,植被覆盖度的增加能更显著地降低地表温度。从整体来看,植被覆盖度每增加10%,森林降温0.12-0.39℃;灌丛降温0.1-0.2℃;草地降温0.049-0.075℃。综上,内蒙古作为全球气候变化最为敏感的区域之一,研究植被的夏季降温效应能够为内蒙古的气候调节服务评估提供重要的理论支撑及案例参考。     

Survival of caddis larvae in relation to their case material in a group of temporary and permanent pools

1. The occurrence of larvae of Limnephilus coenosus and L. vittatus (Trichoptera) was recorded in 103 rock pools both before and after the dry periods in spring–summer (April–May and July–early August), when a great number of the pools dried out. In early spring, 84% of the pools sampled contained larvae of at least one of the species. Limnephilus coenosus larvae were present in a higher proportion of pools that later dried out than in the permanent ones, while L. vittatus larvae were predominantly found in permanent pools. Larvae of both species were found together in 31% of the inhabited pools.
2. Laboratory experiments, designed to elucidate differential survival under drought conditions, demonstrated that the organic cases of L. coenosus larvae held water more efficiently than did the mineral L. vittatus cases. Full-grown (fifth instar) L. coenosus larvae also survived dry conditions better than did L. vittatus larvae. The higher survival of L. coenosus was due to a combination of drought-resistant case material and a higher survival ability of the larvae themselves.
3. Limnephilus vittatus larvae were restricted by their low capability to withstand desiccation, although case material and food were available for L. vittatus larvae in all pools. Absence of case material and high-quality food in many pools, however, restricted the presence of L. coenosus larvae, but this species did not suffer from heavy mortality because of desiccation and all pool populations of L. coenosus survived until pupation.
4. The differences in species composition in these temporary and permanent pools can be explained by the differential site selection by ovipositing females, as well as by larval survival. The intrinsically greater survival of L. coenosus larvae during drought, together with the water-retaining properties of the cases, allowed this species to exploit stressful and risky habitats, such as temporary pools.     

近交系BALB/c小鼠及先天遗传性白内障突变型BALB/cBk-Cat小鼠的DNA指纹研究

采用人工合成的寡核苷酸探针(GATA)~4|分别与近交系小鼠BALB/c和经10年 30代培育而成的自发突变型近交系先天遗传性白内障BALB/cBk-Cat小鼠进行DNA分杂交,DNA指纹显示:(1)BALB/c小鼠个体之间以及BALB/cBk-C at小鼠个体之间没有差异;(2)BALB/c小鼠与BALB/cBk-Cat小鼠的DNA指纹在23-6kb之间的区域有差异。     

花耳科二新种

本文报道了产于中国的花耳科Dacrymycetaceae二个新种,即莽山胶角菌Calocera mangshanensis Liu et Fan和云南花耳Dacrymyces yunnanensis Liu et Fan。     

黑腹菌属二新种

本文报道了中国产的黑腹菌属Melanogaster(黑腹菌科 Melanogastraceae,黑腹菌目 Melanogastrales,担子菌亚门Basidiomycotina)二新种:山西黑腹菌Melanogaster shanxicnsis Liu,K.Tao et Chang和倒卵孢黑腹菌M.obouatisporus Liu,K.Tao et Chang并对中国已报道过的黑腹菌属内的种进行了讨论。     

Biomass and production of phyto- and bacterio-plankton in eutrophic Lake Tystrup, Denmark

SUMMARY.

• 1 Phytoplankton primary production and biomass were compared with bacterial secondary production estimated by means of frequency of dividing cells (FDC) in eutrophic Lake Tystrup. Denmark.
• 2 In the upper part of the photic zone, bacterial secondary production constituted 12% of the carbon fixed by the phytoplankton. In vertical profiles, bacterial secondary production ranged from 7.6% (early spring) to 121% (during August) of the carbon fixed by the algae.
• 3 A close relationship was found between occurrence and activity of bacteria and algae, suggesting that released organic products are of primary importance to the bacteria.
• 4 The annual phytoplankton primary production was estimated as 227 g C m^-2 compared to 102 g C m^-2 assimilated by the bacteria, so 45% of the carbon fixed by the phytoplankton went through pelagic bacteria.

     

十二指肠内胆盐对胃肌电和运动的影响及其神经机制探讨

本文观察了牛磺胆酸钠(ST)灌入小鼠十二指肠后胃肌电快波、慢波和胃收缩波的变化,并对其神经机制作了探讨。用胃壁双电极和胃内水囊-压力换能器法将胃电和胃运动信号输至放大器,然后由记录仪及电子计算机对该信号进行记录、采集、贮存和处理。以5min为单位,计算出灌注 ST 前、后胃电快波、慢波和收缩波频率与总幅度变化的百分数。结果为:十二指肠灌注 ST(n=10)后,胃电快波频率、幅度和收缩波幅度明显抑制。腹腔神经丛麻醉,利血平化和碳酰胆碱可消除 ST 引起的抑制效应。酚妥拉明不能去除该抑制效应,心得安可部分消除 ST 的抑制效应。上述结果表明,十二指肠灌注 ST 对胃电快波和胃运动有抑制效应,并提示该抑制效应的神经传出途径可能为交感肾上腺素能纤维,由β受体介导。