Lung tissue extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels protect against radiation-induced lung injury by suppressing epithelial–mesenchymal transition

This study aimed to examine whether lung tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels have protective effects on radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). The cytocompatibility and histocompatibility were tested for the obtained ECM-derived hydrogel. Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 18): control group (control); rats receiving irradiation and intratracheal injection of normal saline (IR + NS); and rats receiving irradiation and intratracheal injection of lung ECM-derived hydrogel (IR + ECM). The wet/dry weight ratio was used to evaluate the congestion and edema of the lungs. Histopathological analysis of lung tissues was performed using hemotoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot analyses were carried out to determine the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins in lung tissues (E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA], and vimentin). In addition, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), hydroxyproline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were also evaluated. The ECM-derived hydrogels had good cytocompatibility and histocompatibility. ECM-derived hydrogel treatment improved lung histopathology injury and pulmonary edema. Higher expression of E-cadherin and lower expression of vimentin and α-SMA were found in the IR + ECM group compared with those in the IR + NS group. Hydroxyproline levels were reduced by ECM-derived hydrogel treatment compared with those in the IR + NS group. Obvious increases of TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β1 were identified following irradiation. Marked reductions in MDA content and increases in SOD were induced by ECM-derived hydrogel treatment in rats after radiation. ECM-derived hydrogels were shown to protect against RILI, potentially by reducing EMT, inflammation, and oxidative damage.     

Environmental drivers of the bryophyte propagule bank and its comparison with forest-floor assemblage in Central European temperate mixed forests

Species richness, composition and abundance of the bryophyte diaspore bank of Central European temperate mixed forests were compared with the forest-floor bryophyte assemblage. The impact of environmental variables and anthropogenic disturbances, including tree species composition, stand structure, microclimate, light conditions, soil and litter properties, management history, and landscape properties, potentially influencing bryophyte diaspore bank assemblages were explored. Thirty-four, 70–100 years old mixed stands with differing tree species composition were examined in the ?rség National Park, Western Hungary. The diaspore bank was studied by soil collection and cultivation, and data were analysed by multivariate methods. Contrary to the forest-floor bryophyte assemblage, where substrate availability, tree species composition and stand structure were the most influential environmental variables, the composition and abundance of the diaspore bank was mainly affected by site conditions (microclimate, litter and soil properties). Species richness of the bryophyte diaspore bank was lower than that of the forest-floor bryophyte assemblage. Short-lived mosses (colonists, short-lived shuttles) were dominant in the diaspore bank, as opposed to the forest-floor bryophyte community, where perennial mosses dominated. In the studied forests, the importance of the bryophyte diaspore bank was relatively low in the regeneration and maintenance of the forest-floor bryophyte vegetation.     

The crystal structure of Toxoplasma gondii nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 represents a conformational intermediate in the reductive activation mechanism of the tetrameric enzyme

Toxoplasma gondii nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) 1 was crystallized in an intermediate tetrameric conformation. The crystal structure is similar to that of T. gondii NTPDase3 and represents an inactive conformation as the activating disulfide bridge is not reduced and the active site cleft between the two domains of each monomer is open. However, the arrangement of the monomers within the tetramer differs from that of the inactive form of NTPDase3 and may represent an intermediate conformation on the path of the closure motion of the tetramer induced upon activation. Proteins 2013; 81:1271–1276. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Phylogenetic Analyses of Teleki Grapevine Rootstocks Using Three Chloroplast DNA Markers

Teleki rootstocks are used in grapevine-producing countries all over the world. They represent one of the largest groups of available rootstocks but their origin is still in dispute although they have been regarded as Vitis berlandieri × V. riparia hybrids. To investigate their possible origin, we amplified and sequenced three chloroplast regions, two non-coding spacers (trnL-F, trnS-G) and the trnL group I intron in a core collection of Teleki rootstocks representing widespread accessions and related wild North American grape species (V. berlandieri, V. riparia and V. rupestris). Concatenated sequence data coupled with microstructural changes discovered in the chloroplast regions provided data to trace the maternal ancestry of the Teleki lines. All chloroplast regions showed both nucleotide and length variation. Length mutations in the non-coding regions represented mostly simple sequence repeats of poly-A and -T stretches. These indel characters exhibited additional diversity comparable with the nucleotide diversity and increased resolution of the phylogenetic trees. We found that a group of Teleki accessions position together with the wild grape species V. riparia. Another group of Teleki rootstocks formed a sister group to the other North American species V. berlandieri. These clades had moderate support values, and they do not share ancestry with other accessions of Teleki rootstocks resolved with high support value in the V. riparia clade. It seems that Teleki-Kober 5BB and 125 AA accessions might have a V. berlandieri maternal background. We also found great differences within putative clones of Teleki 5C and Teleki-Kober 5BB suggesting that the selection of these accessions was performed on heterogenous or mislabeled plant material collectively maintained under these names.     

Chronic coccidian infestation compromises flight feather quality in house sparrows Passer domesticus

Parasites usurp indispensable resources for birds during a moult, and this is particularly relevant for those parasites residing in host intestines. This might compromise the nutritionally demanding moult and, thus, feather functionality. Although lower feather quality has profound and multifaceted adverse effects on residual fitness, surprisingly, little is known about parasites' effect on feather traits, especially over the longer term. We conducted an aviary experiment by medicating half of a group of naturally infested house sparrows Passer domesticus against intestinal coccidians for 15 months, spanning two consecutive postnuptial moults, whereas the other half was kept infested (i.e. without medication). Coccidian infestation significantly and negatively affected the size of the uropygial gland during the second moulting period compared to the medicated group. Furthermore, wing length was significantly shorter after the second moulting in the non‐medicated compared to the medicated female birds, which indicates that the negative effects of coccidians emerge only after a prolonged exposure to parasite infestation. Non‐medicated birds grew poorer quality flight feathers detected in a large number of feather traits both after the first and second moults. In the case of non‐medicated birds, the primaries were lighter and shorter, and had a smaller vane area, thinner rachis and decreased stiffness, although a higher barb and barbule density, which may have various consequences for fitness through reducing flight performance. Our findings demonstrate that, besides the well‐known immediate consequences for host breeding success, parasites might also have serious, long‐lasting effects through influencing feather quality and, ultimately, fitness of the host. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London     

Draft genome sequence of Sinorhizobium meliloti RU11/001, a model organism for flagellum structure,motility and chemotaxis

Sinorhizobium meliloti of the order Rhizobiales is a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium nodulating plants of the genera Medicago, Trigonella and Melilotus and hence is of great agricultural importance. In its free-living state it is motile and capable of modulating its movement patterns in response to chemical attractants. Here, the draft genome consisting of a circular chromosome, the megaplasmids pSymA and pSymB and three accessory plasmids of Sinorhizobium meliloti RU11/001, a model organism for flagellum structure, motility and chemotaxis, is reported.     

Complete genome sequence of the hydrogenotrophic Archaeon Methanobacterium sp. Mb1 isolated from a production-scale biogas plant

Methanobacterium sp. Mb1, a hydrogenotrophic methanogenic Archaeon, was isolated from a rural biogas plant producing methane-rich biogas from maize silage and cattle manure in Germany. Here we report the complete genome sequence of the novel methanogenic isolate Methanobacterium sp. Mb1 harboring a 2,029,766 bp circular chromosome featuring a GC content of 39.74%. The genome encodes two rRNA operons, 41 tRNA genes and 2021 coding sequences and represents the smallest genome currently known within the genus Methanobacterium.     

Nest‐site selection and breeding ecology of Sky Larks Alauda arvensis in Hungarian farmland

Capsule Nesting Sky Larks avoided arable fields and the vicinity of farm buildings, and preferred extensive and heterogeneous grassland, where nest success was 30%.     

Genetic disruption of protein phosphatase 5 in mice prevents high-fat diet feeding-induced weight gain

The role of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) in the development of obesity and insulin resistance associated with high-fat diet-feeding (HFD) was examined using PP5-deficient mice (Ppp5c^−/−). Despite similar caloric intake, Ppp5c^−/− mice on HFD gained markedly less weight and did not accumulate visceral fat compared to wild-type littermates (Ppp5c^+/+). On a control diet, Ppp5c^−/− mice had markedly improved glucose control compared to Ppp5c^+/+ mice, an effect diminished by HFD. However, even after 10 weeks of HFD glucose control in Ppp5c^−/− mice was similar to that observed in Ppp5c^+/+ mice on the control diet. Thus, PP5 deficiency confers protection against HFD-induced weight gain in mice.