Geographical distributions,relative abundance and coexistence of Drosophila aldrichi and Drosophila buzzatii in Australia

Abstract Climatic data and collection records for the cactophilic Drosophila aldrichi and Drosophila buzzatii for 97 localities were used to examine the effects of geographical location, season, host plant species and climatic factors on their range and relative abundance. Temporal variation in relative abundance was assessed from monthly collections over 4 years at one locality. Effects of weather variables over the 28 days before each collection were examined. A generalized linear model of the spatial data showed significant geographical variation in relative abundance, and significant climatic effects, with the proportion of D. aldrichi higher in the warm season, and increasing as temperature variation decreased and moisture indices increased. The temporal data gave generally concordant results, as D. aldrichi proportion was higher in summer and autumn, and increased as maximum and minimum temperatures increased, and as variation in maximum temperature decreased. In a laboratory competition experiment, D. aldrichi eliminated D. buzzatii at 31°C, but was itself eliminated at 18°C and 25°C. The range of D. buzzatii is constrained only by availability of its host plant, Opuntia species, although its relative abundance is reduced in the northern part of its distribution. The range of D. aldrichi, from central Queensland to northern NSW, Australia, is entirely within that of D. buzzatii, and its relative abundance decreases from north to south. Both climate and weather, particularly temperature variability, have direct effects on the relative abundances of the two species, and both likely act indirectly by influencing the outcome of interspecific competition.     

Podocarpus lawrencei (Hook. f.): Population structure and fire history at Goonmirk Rocks,Victoria

Podocarpus lawrencei is a native conifer which normally occurs as a shrub in alpine, and less often in sub-alpine, communities in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. A disjunct and unusual distribution occurs at Goonmirk Rocks, in north-east Victoria, in a montane, wet forest environment in which P. lawrencei grows as a procumbent and sometimes vertical tree up to 13 m tall. The communities in which P. lawrencei occurs at Goonmirk Rocks are described, and the population structure of P. lawrencei is determined using an age class model. Measurement of light regimes and of the nutrient status of these communities indicate differences between areas of active regeneration and those with none, and between forest types that do support P. lawrencei and those that do not. P. lawrencei is determined to be a stable component of the vegetation of Goonmirk Rocks, where it attains its best development on the margins of cool temperate rainforest where a broken canopy and the long-term absence of fire allow it to develop into a low scrub with simple floristics. A community fire history is reconstructed using the age class model, fire scars and the age of Acacia dealbata.     

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in Greece: its incidence following the expansion of Frankliniella occidentalis, and characterisation of isolates collected from various hosts

Leaf samples were collected from plants with tospovirus‐like symptoms from various hosts in different regions of Greece where Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella occidentalis or both vectors occur. The viruses infecting these plants were identified with polyclonal antibodies raised against the N proteins of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) by ELISA. All samples tested positive for TSWV, but not for INSV. ELISA of thirty three isolates, using monoclonal antibodies against the N protein of TSWV, revealed the existence of five epitopes on the N protein. RT‐PCR tests on a few randomly‐selected isolates, using a pair of universal primers, a pair of primers specific for the L gene and a pair of primers specific for the N gene, as well as sequence analysis of a part of the S gene of one isolate, confirmed the authenticity of the virus isolated as TSWV. Host range studies showed differences in susceptibility, especially among species belonging to the Leguminosae and Cucurbitaceae. The species Beloporone guttata and Coleus sp. are reported for the first time as hosts of the virus, whereas Solanum melongena, Celosia cristata, Dianthus chinensis, Stephanotis floribunda and Catharanthus roseus were identified as new hosts of TSWV in Greece.     

Amino-acid Sequence of Extracellular Ribonuclease (Barnase) of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</Emphasis>

THE ribonuclease, barnase, produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has a molecular weight of 12,382, consisting of 110 amino-acid residues. It is one of the smallest proteins containing neither disulphide bonds nor non-peptide cross-Bnks which nevertheless maintain a well defined tertiary structure^1,2. The next smallest reported enzyme of similar nature is the lysozyme of phage T4, with 160 residues. The barnase structure is reversibly destroyed by denaturing solvents or heat², in what approximates a one step, highly cooperative, transition. Studies of this reaction should be very useful in illustration approaching the general problem of sequence-determined folding in proteins. In particular, thermodynamically meaningful quantitative differences in the stability of various genetic variants and chemically modified, or synthetic, barnases could be measured. Some work has been reported on the effect of various environmental parameters on the transition³ as well as the effects of modification by carboxypeptidases⁴. Full utilization of such data requires knowledge of both amino-acid sequence and three dimensional structurs. The complete amino-acid sequence is reported here (Fig. 1). The sequence was obtained by conventional procedures involving analysis of peptides isolated after hydrolysis of the native or modified protein by various proteases.

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