Livestock Predation—Insights From Problem Animal Control Registers in Botswana

Abstract: Problem Animal Control Registers, where farmers report livestock losses due to predators as a prerequisite for financial compensation, allow quantifying the human-predator conflict. We analyzed such registers from the Kweneng District of Botswana to assess the impact of native predators on livestock over 3 years. Leopards (Panthera pardus), lions (Panthera leo), wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), brown hyenas (Hyaena brunnea), and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) altogether claimed 2,272 head of livestock. During 2002, the year with the highest impact, the number of animals reported depredated (954) represented 0.34% of the livestock in the district. Leopards and lions caused 64% of the losses. Leopard livestock predation mainly affected calves and was consistent over the district and over time. In contrast, lion predation concentrated on adult cattle, was characterized by local hot spots close to reserve borders, decreased with increasing distance to a reserve, and increased during 2002, an unusually dry year. Interviews with 60 farmers and herders within 30 km of Khutse and Central Kalahari Game Reserves revealed an annual loss of 2.2% of their livestock to predators. Here, small farms (max. 100 domestic animals) suffered relatively higher losses than large, commercial farms, not only due to predation (small farms: 11.7%; large farms: 1.0%) but also from other causes (small: 12.6%; large: 2.8%), even though herders on large farms guarded 5 times more livestock per person than those on small farms. To reduce livestock predation in most of the district where lions are absent, we recommend maternity corrals for pregnant females and calves to better protect vulnerable calves during day and night. In areas close to a reserve where lions roam, herders' incentives to keep all livestock protected in a corral at night have to be enhanced because, according to the registers, only 3 predation cases were reported to have happened inside a corral.     

Stoneflies as ecological engineers – hungry predators reduce fine sediments in stream beds

1. We conducted experiments in a Colorado Rocky Mountain stream to measure the effect of foraging by predatory stoneflies ( Megarcys signata ) on fine sediment deposition and removal.
2. Cages containing one of four treatments were placed in the stream substratum and removed 3 days after fine sediment load to the stream was experimentally increased. Cages containing a stonefly but no prey accumulated less sediment than cages initially with no benthic invertebrates. Although cages with Megarcys plus prey also tended to have less sediment than controls, sediments were not reduced in cages with prey only.
3. Distance from sediment source, depth and current velocity at cages, final prey density and numbers of prey per predator gut at the end of the experiment had no effects on sediment accumulation in cages.
4. To determine the mechanisms underlying this effect, behavioural tests were conducted in a stream-side artificial stream system. To simulate the different hunger levels of stoneflies in cages, Megarcys were fed or starved for 3 days before behavioural trials that were repeated during high (night) and low (day) stonefly feeding periods. During night trials, foraging movements by starved Megarcys were more prolonged and active than those of fed stoneflies, regardless of the presence of prey. However, neither hunger level nor prey presence affected stonefly foraging behaviour during day trials.
5. Results of field experiments suggest that the presence of stoneflies enhances sediment removal from interstitial spaces. Behavioural observations indicate that nocturnal searching for prey by hungry Megarcys dislodges fine sediments from interstitial spaces.
6. Future studies should explore beyond the direct impacts of predators on stream invertebrate communities, and investigate the potential impact of predators on benthic microhabitat quality.     

Resident population of Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum on cotton leaves: a source of inoculum for bacterial blight

Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum was transmitted from infested seed to the cotyledons of cotton cv. Deltapine 61 seedlings at 28°C and relative humidities (RH) of 90% or 73%. A resident population was present on the first and second true leaves but not on the third true leaf of plants at either RH. There were smaller numbers of resident bacteria on fewer leaves of plants at the lower RH than on plants at the higher RH. Cotton plants grown from infested seed at 25°C and 30°C and incubated at 100% RH at different stages of growth developed bacterial blight on leaves that were in bud or partly expanded when incubated. Resident cells of this pathogen can thus invade susceptible leaves when conditions are favourable for infection. Bacterial blight developed on more plants at 30°C than at 25°C. In a field trial, X. campestris pv. malvacearum transmitted from seed was present as resident bacteria on the third leaf from the growing point during the vegetative development of the plant. Resident bacteria, which infected young leaves during rainy periods, were isolated from the bacterial blight lesions which subsequently developed.     

Systematic and comparative anatomy of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae), sans Oncidiinae

On the basis of floral and vegetative morphology, 63 tropical American genera have been recognized within Maxillarieae. We were able to examine anatomical material of all subtribes, excluding Oncidiinae. Stegmata with conical silica bodies occur in leaves and stems of all subtribes excluding Ornithocephalinae, and pericyclic stegmata found in roots are characteristic of Lycastinae. Lycastinae and Maxillariinae are characterized by foliar glands, foliar fibre bundles and tilosomes. Endodermal cells are U-thickened in most Zygopetalinae; O-thickened in most Lycastinae, Ornithocephalinae and Telipogoninae; variously thickened in Maxillariinae; and thin-walled in Cryptarrhena lunata . Water-storage cells varied from thin-walled to variously banded throughout Maxillarieae. Cladistic analyses using anatomical characters yielded no resolution among subtribes, illustrating that anatomical characters are of limited value in assessing relationships within this tribe.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 144 , 251–274.     

Studies on Auxin Protectors XII. Auxin Protectors and Polyphenol Oxidase in Developing Coffee Fruit

The fruit of the coffee plant (Coffea arabica) was analyzed for auxin protector content. Ripe coffee berries were separated into pit and pulp, ground in buffer, and assayed for auxin protectors. The extracts were then subjected to gel filtration in order to determine the molecular weight of the protector(s). In the pit, a single protector was found with a molecular weight approaching 5000 daltons, while the pulp contained several auxin protectors, the largest of which appeared to be about 1000 daltons. Chromato-graphic studies of various gel filtration fractions showed that protector activity was always associated with spots which exhibited a light blue fluorescence under UV. The changing patterns during coffee fruit development were also investigated. Auxin protector production, and polyphenol oxidase (E.C. 1.10.3.1), an enzyme related to protector metabolism, were assayed at weekly intervals. In the unripe berry, an auxin protector was found with a molecular weight exceeding 200,000 daltons; as the berry ripened the amount of this protector gradually decreased until almost none was present in the ripe berry and the pattern changed to the pattern described above. Polyphenol oxidase content decreased as the berry ripened. Commercially roasted pits, i.e., coffee “beans”, contained very high levels of protector activity. However, gel filtration studies showed this activity to be associated entirely with low molecular weight compounds.     

INTERACTIONS OF 1-METHYLADENINE AND THE SURFACE OF STARFISH OOCYTE

Three metabolic inhibitors, mycostatin, concanavalin A (Con A) and cytochalasin B (CB) were used to study the interactions between l-methyladenine (1-MA) and the starfish oocyte surface leading to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB). Mycostatin and Con A had no obvious effects on GVB. CB did not inhibit, but did delay GVB. This delaying effect was interpreted as having multiple 1-MA reactive "sites" on the surface. The results also suggested that not all of them were needed to react with 1-MA to bring about GVB.     

Prey caught by a sample population of the spider Argiope argentata (Araneae:Araneidae) in Panama:a year's census data

The prey caught by mature female Argiope argentata was censused over a period of one year. Ten webs (when available) were examined five times each day, at two-hourly intervals, between 09.00 and 17.00 hours. The prey-animals seen in the webs were classified into orders and lower taxa, where possible. The results of this study are described and discussed.     

Evaluation of some coccinellid species for the biological control of aphids in protected cropping

Four species of Coccinellidae, Adalia bipunctata (L.), Coccinella septem-punctata L., Coelomegilla maculata de G. and Cycloneda sanguinea L., were compared as predators of aphids on cucumbers and chrysanthemums. In laboratory feeding tests C. maculata and C. sanguinea proved the most voracious but the former could not remain on cucumber foliage long enough to be effective. The fecundity of C. sanguinea was the highest of those studied and a satisfactory laboratory rearing technique has been developed for this species.