Stable isotopes identify dispersal patterns of stonefly populations living along stream corridors

1. Populations in different locations can exchange individuals depending on the distribution and connectivity of suitable habitat, and the dispersal capabilities and behaviour of the organisms. We used an isotopic tracer, ¹⁵N, to label stoneflies (Leuctra ferruginea) to determine the extent of adult flight along stream corridors and between streams where their larvae live. 2. In four mass, mark‐capture experiments we added ¹⁵NH₄Cl continuously for several weeks to label specific regions of streams within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, U.S.A. We collected adult stoneflies along the labelled streams (up to 1.5 km of stream length), on transects through the forest away from labelled sections (up to 500 m), and along an 800‐m reach of adjacent tributary that flows into a labelled stream. 3. Of 966 individual adult stoneflies collected and analysed for ¹⁵N, 20% were labelled. Most labelled stoneflies were captured along stream corridors and had flown upstream a mean distance of 211 m; the net movement of the population (upstream + downstream) estimated from the midpoint of the labelled sections was 126 m upstream. The furthest male and female travelled approximately 730 m and approximately 663 m upstream, respectively. We also captured labelled mature females along an unlabelled tributary and along a forest transect 500 m from the labelled stream, thus demonstrating cross‐watershed dispersal. 4. We conclude that the adjacent forest was not a barrier to dispersal between catchments, and adult dispersal linked stonefly populations among streams across a landscape within one generation. Our data on the extent of adult dispersal provide a basis for a conceptual model identifying the boundaries of these populations, whose larvae are restricted to stream channels, and whose females must return to streams to oviposit.     

Comparison of measured and EF5-r-derived N2O fluxes from a spring-fed river

There is considerable uncertainty in the estimates of indirect N₂O emissions as defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) methodology. Direct measurements of N₂O yields and fluxes in aquatic river environments are sparse and more data are required to determine the role that rivers play in the global N₂O budget. The objectives of this research were to measure the N₂O fluxes from a spring‐fed river, relate these fluxes to the dissolved N₂O concentrations and NO₃‐N loading of the river, and to try to define the indirect emission factor (EF5‐r) for the river. Gas bubble ebullition was observed at the river source with bubbles containing 7.9 μL N₂O L^?1. River NO₃‐N and dissolved N₂O concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 5.3 mg L^?1 and 0.4 to 1.9 μg N₂O‐N L^?1, respectively, with N₂O saturation reaching 404%. Floating headspace chambers were used to sample N₂O fluxes. N₂O‐N fluxes were significantly related to dissolved N₂O‐N concentrations (r²=0.31) but not to NO₃‐N concentrations. The N₂O‐N fluxes ranged from 38 to 501 μg m^?2 h^?1, averaging 171 μg m^?2 h^?1 (±SD 85) overall. The measured N₂O‐N fluxes equated to an EF5‐r of only 6.6% of that calculated using the IPCC methodology, and this itself was considered to be an overestimate because of the degassing of antecedent dissolved N₂O present in the groundwater that fed the river.     

The biology of some Argiope species from New Guinea: predatory behaviour and stabilimentum construction (Araneae: Araneidae)

Three species of Argiope: A. picta, A. aemula and A. reinwardti were studied at Wau, New Guinea. The stabilimenta in 548 webs of these species were classified into 18 categories, and the frequency of occurrence of each category was recorded. The data from this study are compared with previous records on the variation in the form of the devices built by spiders of the genera Argiope and Gasteracantha and related to theories about stabilimentum function.
Studies of the predatory behaviour of the three species show that this is, in general, similar to that of Argiope argentata . Data are cited to show that the spiders discriminate lepidopterans from insects of similar size. Particular attention was paid to the question of whether the species interrupt predatory sequences, after the attack phase, with a stage during which they rest at the hub of the web before transporting the prey. Unlike Argiope argentata these species interrupt a high proportion of predatory sequences that are initiated by bite/wrap attacks. This aspect of their behaviour is evaluated and discussed.     

DETECTION OF LISTERIA IN FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY IMMUNOMAGNETIC BEAD CAPTURE AND BY CULTURAL METHODS

Detection of Listeria by capture on antibody-coated magnetic beads has been shown to decrease test time and improve sensitivity, relative to cultural methods, in a study of spiked environmental samples (Mitchell et al. 1993). In this study, immunomagnetic capture was compared to standard cultural methods for detection of Listeria in a broad range of spiked and naturally contaminated food and environmental samples. Immunomagnetic capture was at least as sensitive as cultural methods for detection of Listeria in seafood, meats, dairy foods, and environmental samples. It was possible to determine the number of Listeria present in a sample, because immunomagnetic capture was carried out directly from the sample, without enrichment. These quantitative results were produced within 24 h, while cultural methods required 6–14 days to produce a qualitative result. Immunomagnetic capture was thus more rapid and as sensitive as standard cultural methods for detection of Listeria in the food and environmental samples tested.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the Alpine leaf beetle,Oreina elongata

For a study of local adaptations in the Alpine leaf beetle, Oreina elongata, we developed six microsatellite loci and screened them in 305 individuals from 13 populations. All markers were polymorphic with three to 15 alleles per locus. Average observed and expected heterozygosity values were 0.14 and 0.62, respectively. Four markers showed heterozygote deficiency and deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg expectations, indicating the presence of null alleles.     

Mating behavior and genitalic counterparts in tiger beetles (Carabidae: Cicindelinae)

Comparative studies on the structure of genitalia in Pseudoxychila tarsalis Bates and the copulating behavior in 5 species of Cicindela respectively complement similar findings by Freitag [1] on Cicindela spp. and Palmer [4] on P. tarsalis. These strengthen the hypothesis that in tiger beetles the flagellum fits into the spermatheca duct during copulation; that the main function of the flagellum, which is closed at the apex and not connected to the ejaculatory duct, is to open and prepare the lumen of the spermatheca duct for sperm movement from the bursa copulatrix to the spermatheca; and that copulation proceeds in 3 phases: phase 1 in which the lumen of the spermatheca duct is cleared by the flagellum, phase 2 in which the flagellum is withdrawn from the spermatheca duct, and phase 3 in which semen is transferred from the gonopore of the ejaculatory duct to the bursa copulatrix, usually with a spermatophore.     

CALL ANALYSIS OF TRIPLOID HYBRIDS RESULTING FROM DIPLOID-TETRAPLOID SPECIES CROSSES OF HYLID TREE FROGS

ABSTRACT

Calls produced by hybrids resulting from laboratory crosses of tetraploid Hyla versicolor females and either diploid Hyla chrysoscelis (type I) or Hyla arborea (type II) males were induced through manipulation of environmental conditions. Type I hybrids produced trilled calls similar in note repetition to H. versicolor, but more similar in dominant frequency to H. chrysoscelis. Mean duration was shorter than in both parent calls. Type II hybrids produced calls which were longer in duration and lower in note repetition rate than H. versicolor, but shorter in duration and higher in note repetition rate than H. arborea. Dominant frequency of type II hybrids was lower than in H. arborea but not significantly different than in H. versicolor. Hybrid calls were not strictly intermediate, and may provide information regarding parental relationships.