The use of molecular markers to study patterns of genotypic diversity in some invasive alien Fallopia spp. (Polygonaceae)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) and inter-simple sequence repeats (inter-SSRs) have been used to study clonal growth and hybridization in some non-native, gynodioecious, invasive weeds from the genus Fallopia (Polygonaceae). At the study site (the River Kelvin, Glasgow, UK) a single genotype of Japanese knotweed ( Fallopia japonica ) was detected, consistent with all the individuals sampled being ramets of a single clone. Two genotypes of giant knotweed ( F. sachalinensis ) were detected, with one genotype accounting for all but one of the samples, again indicative of widespread clonal growth. Five genotypes of the hybrid between Japanese and giant knotweed ( F. × bohemica ) were recovered. F. × bohemica is the only male-fertile taxon present at the site and it seems probable that at least some of this genetic variation is attributable to hybrid fertility. A single plant identified using morphological methods as a backcross between F. japonica and F. × bohemica was analysed, and the molecular data were consistent with this theory. A comparison of RAPDs and inter-SSRs showed that the two techniques gave data that are broadly congruent, and both techniques showed a similar sensitivity in the number of genotypes detected.     

MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF AORTA PLAQUE LIPIDS, LIPOPROTEINS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES

SUMMARY: This work is part of a project that is currently applying microbiology to certain aspects of the multiple sclerosis problem. The present comparative studies were carried out in connection with atherosclerosis because this disease, like multiple sclerosis, involves deranged lipid metabolism. Twenty-one soil actinomycetes and a bacterium were isolated from agar streak plates containing homogenized human aorta as the source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy. These organisms included forms capable of digesting and growing on the ether-extractable lipids from human atherosclerotic aorta plaques, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, glycerides, phospholipids, bovine white matter and other related materials. Two actinomycetes, isolated in other studies and capable of demyelinating bovine spinal cord in vitro , produced lipoproteinase(s) which hydrolyzed lipemic serum obtained from dogs after a fatty meal.