基于稳定同位素分析不同退化程度小叶杨水分来源

水分是干旱地区植物生长的关键限制因子。小叶杨是河北省张北县典型的防护林树种,发挥了重要的生态屏障作用。为了揭示近年来该地区小叶杨出现大面积衰退的原因和机制,本研究利用稳定同位素技术,结合图解法和多元线性混合模型,分析了张北县4种不同退化程度(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化)小叶杨在不同时期的水分来源和水分利用策略。结果表明: 生长前期(5—6月),不同退化程度小叶杨水分来源均比较单一,主要利用0～40 cm层的土壤水,未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化的利用率分别为34.2%、50.1%、41.6%和55.7%。生长中期(7—8月),未退化小叶杨吸收利用200～280 cm和280～400 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为20.2%和30.9%;轻度退化小叶杨利用200～280和280～400 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为33.2%和27.9%;中度退化小叶杨吸收利用0～40和40～120 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为30%和26.9%;重度退化小叶杨对0～40 cm层土壤水的利用率达到55.4%。生长后期(9—10月),未退化小叶杨水分来源向中上层土壤水转移,主要利用0～40、40～80和80～120 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为23.3%、17.2%和16.5%;轻度退化小叶杨利用0～40 cm层的土壤水,利用率为35.7%,对中层80～200 cm层土壤水的利用率也较高,为20.6%;中度和重度退化小叶杨主要利用0～40 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为43.7%和51.8%。随着退化程度加重,小叶杨的主要水分来源从深层土壤水逐渐向表层土壤水转移。     

MALDI-TOF MS of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma</Emphasis>: a model system for the identification of microfungi

This investigation aimed to assess whether MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the proteome could be applied to the study of Trichoderma, a fungal genus selected because it includes many species and is phylogenetically well defined. We also investigated whether MALDI-TOF MS analysis of peptide mass fingerprints would reveal apomorphies that could be useful in diagnosing species in this genus. One hundred and twenty nine morphologically and genetically well-characterized strains of Hypocrea and Trichoderma, belonging to 25 species in 8 phylogenetic clades, were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS mass spectrometry. The resulting peak lists of individual samples were submitted to single-linkage cluster analysis to produce a taxonomic tree and were compared to ITS and tef1 sequences from GenBank. SuperSpectra™ for the 13 most relevant species of Trichoderma were computed. The results confirmed roughly previously defined clades and sections. With the exceptions of T. saturnisporum (Longibrachiatum Clade) and T. harzianum (Harzianum Clade), strains of individual species clustered very closely. T. polysporum clustered distantly from all other groups. The MALDI-TOF MS analysis accurately reflected the phylogenetic classification reported in recent publications, and, in most cases, strains identified by DNA sequence analysis clustered together by MALDI-TOF MS. The resolution of MALDI-TOF MS, as performed here, was roughly equivalent to ITS rDNA. The MALDI-TOF MS technique analyzes peptides and represents a rough equivalent to sequencing, making this method a useful adjunct for determination of species limits. It also allows simple, reliable, and quick species identification, thus representing a valid alternative to gene sequencing for species diagnosis of Trichoderma and other fungal taxa.     

Mutational and functional analysis reveals ADAMTS18 metalloproteinase as a novel driver in melanoma

The disintegrin-metalloproteinases with thrombospondin domains (ADAMTS) genes have been suggested to function as tumor suppressors as several have been found to be epigenetically silenced in various cancers. We performed a mutational analysis of the ADAMTS gene family in human melanoma and identified a large fraction of melanomas to harbor somatic mutations. To evaluate the functional consequences of the most commonly mutated gene, ADAMTS18, six of its mutations were biologically examined. ADAMTS18 mutations had little effect on melanoma cell growth under standard conditions, but reduced cell dependence on growth factors. ADAMTS18 mutations also reduced adhesion to laminin and increased migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Melanoma cells expressing mutant ADAMTS18 had reduced cell migration after short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of ADAMTS18, suggesting that ADAMTS18 mutations promote growth, migration, and metastasis in melanoma.     

鞑靼滨藜挥发性化学成分分析

对鞑靼滨藜全草的挥发性化学成分进行分析。采用水蒸气蒸馏法及索氏提取法提取鞑靼滨藜全草中的挥发性化学成分,用GC-MS联用技术分析其化学组成,计算其相对百分含量,并对两种提取方法进行比较研究。结果表明:水蒸气蒸馏法提取物的成分比索氏提取法较多。从水蒸气蒸馏法分离出的53个色谱峰中鉴定了51种成分,含量最高的是茴香脑(45.84%),其次为正二十七烷(9.28%),羟基吲哚(6.81%),α-羟基-2-甲基丙基苯乙酸酯(4.03%)。从索氏提取法分离出的26个色谱峰中鉴定了22种成分,含量最高的是正二十九烷(22.63%),其次为硬酯酸(16.69%),十六醛(6.89%),棕榈酸(5.43%)。