Catches in pitfall traps in relation to mean densities of carabid beetles

Summary Based on continuous pitfall catches summed over the whole activity period for the carabid beetles Pterostichus versicolor Sturm and Calathus melanocephalus L., a satisfactorily linear relationship is presented between the mean densities in several habitats and in different years and the numbers of beetles trapped. This means that with the help of continuous pitfall sampling a reliable relative measure of the sizes of carabid populations can be obtained.Simulation experiments show that for individuals of P. versicolor the distances covered each day should be represented by strips of some width instead of by lines to obtain numbers trapped that equal the field data. The influence on numbers trapped of the high mobility of beetles in unfavorable habitats is probably not significant. Simulation experiments with C. melanocephalus indicate that a much lower capture efficiency than for P. versicolor has to be programmed to fit the simulation results with the field data.The catch from different types of pitfalls is not always proportional to trap perimeter due to different vegetation cover of the immediate trap surroundings and to different kinds of roofs placed over the pitfalls. For the same species the capture efficiency of a pitfall can also change throughout the season.Simulation experiments show that the number and shape of the pitfalls need not influence the catches, provided that the traps keep the same total perimeter and are broadly spaced.Remodelling of some data from the literature reveals that the linear relationship between mean densities and year-catches in pitfalls is probably a general one among carabid species. This leads to the hypothesis that carabid beetles have to work through a fixed reproductive program each year by means of an almost constant total amount of locomotory activity which is realized step by step during spells of suitable weather.Some recommendations are given for intraspecific and interspecific comparisons of pitfall catches between sites and years.Communication no. 196 of the Biological Station of the Agricultural University (Wageningen), Wijster (Drenthe), The Netherlands     

Nanomolar detection of hydrogen peroxide at a new polynuclear cluster of tin pentacyanonitrosylferrate nanoparticle-modified carbon ceramic electrode

This work describes a new electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide based on tin pentacyanonitrosylferrate (SnPCNF)-modified carbon ceramic electrode (CCE). The modified electrode was constructed by using a sol-gel technique involving two steps: construction of CCE containing metallic tin (Sn) powder and then electrochemical creation of SnPCNF film on the surface of CCE. The modified electrode was characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The charge transfer coefficient (α) and charge transfer rate constant (k_s) for the modifying film were calculated. The electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide was studied by CV and chronoamperometry. A linear calibration curve was obtained over the hydrogen peroxide concentration range of 0.5 to 69.4 μM using a hydrodynamic amperometric technique. The limit of detection (for a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) and sensitivity were found to be 92 nM and 0.89 μA/μM, respectively. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen peroxide (D) and catalytic rate constant (k_cat) were calculated.     

Cystic fibrosis gene mutations and linked RFLPs in the Slovenian population.

The authors used polymerase chain reaction to analyse 56 Slovenian cystic fibrosis (CF) chromosomes for the presence of delta F508 and eight other most frequent mutations located in exons 7,11 and 20 (R347P, R334W, G551D, R553X, S549RA, S549RT, S549I and S1255X) of the CF gene. We also determined the frequency of haplotypes associated with CF for six linked RFLP markers (MetD/TaqI, MetH/TaqI, XV-2c/TaqI, KM-19/PstI, MP6d9/MspI and J3.11/MspI) in 27 Slovenian CF families. delta F508 mutation was present in 55.4 percent of the CF chromosomes. No case of the other mutations were detected in the sample of tested CF chromosomes. A very high degree of association (0.88) has been found between DNA marker MetH and CF (as measured by the Yule's association coefficient) in our population. Using the RFLP markers XV-2c and KM-19, we found that 85% of delta F508 mutated chromosomes have a single 1 2 (B) haplotype, and that this haplotype is present on only 15.4 percent of CF chromosomes without this deletion.