Programmed cell death 1 positive lymphocytes at palate tonsils in the elder patients with chronic tonsillitis

Circulating lymphocytes infiltrate into local foci at the inflammatory phase of acute wound healing for activation of the immune system and express an immune checkpoint protein programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) at the resolution phase for inactivation of the immune system. Conversely, the PD-1 expression was still found even on circulating lymphocytes of the elder patients with chronic tonsillitis at the palliative stage. Recently, an adhesion G protein coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) was reported to at least work as a proliferation factor for infiltrated lymphocytes into local foci at the resolution phase of acute wound healing. To preliminary examine a similar role of PD-1 and GPR56 at local foci at chronic inflammation, palate tonsils were prepared from small amounts of patients with chronic tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy. A positive relationship of RNA expression might be observed between PD-1 and GPR56 in the elder patients with chronic tonsillitis. In regard to immunohistopathological findings, there were huge and small amounts of PD-1 and GPR56 expression at the marginal zone of lymphoid follicles of palate tonsils with chronic tonsillitis. Moreover, the positive relationship of RNA expression between PD-1 and GPR56 confirmed in large numbers of the elder patients with chronic tonsillitis. Probably, GPR56 participates in a supplement of PD-1⁺ lymphocytes to circulating bloods of the elder patients with chronic tonsillitis through a lymphocyte cell maintenance system at the marginal zone of the lymphoid follicles of palate tonsils.     

Detection of age-related fluorescent substances in rat tissues

Studies are reported on the detection of fluorescent substances and their relationship to the accumulation of the aging pigment and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme composition in tissues of the rat. Comparison of fluorescent substances in nine tissues in 6- and 100-week-old rats by thin-layer chromatography showed that one substance in particular accumulated with age. This substance exhibited the typical excitation-fluorescence spectrum of lipofuscin pigments and its detection in tissues correlated closely with histologic analysis of the aging pigment. Accordingly, it was designated as an age-related fluorescent substance (ARFS). Because of the high intensity of its fluorescence and its relatively small mass, it appeared to be a constituent of aging pigment that was dissociated and extracted upon treatment of the tissue with chloroform-methanol. Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of both hemosiderin deposits and a golden brown pigment which was devoid of iron. These substances as well as the ARFS appeared to accumulate more in tissues which were classified generally as aerobic based on their LDH isoenzyme composition.     

Calixarene-mediated liquid membrane transport of choline conjugates 3: The effect of handle variation on neurotransmitter transport

Upper rim phosphonic acid functionalized calix[4]arene affects selective transport of multiple molecular payloads through a liquid membrane. The secret is in the attachment of a receptor-complementary handle to the payload. We find that the trimethylammonium ethylene group present in choline is one of several general handles for the transport of drug and drug-like species. Herein we compare the effect of handle variation against the transport of serotonin and dopamine. We find that several ionizable amine termini handles are sufficient for transport and identify two ideal candidates. Their performance is significantly enhanced in HEPES buffered solutions. This inquiry completes a series of 3 studies aimed at optimization of this strategy. In completion a new approach towards synthetic receptor mediated selective small molecule transport has emerged; future work in vesicular and cellular systems will follow.