Anticandidal activity of hetero-dinuclear copper(II) Mn(II) Schiff base and its potential action of the mechanism

Invasive fungal infections are one of the major challenges especially for immunosuppressed patients since they are drug resistant and pathogen to patients. Therefore, developing new, efficient and nonresistant antifungal agents have been a primary focus of international research. In the current study, a novel Schiff base [hetero-dinuclear copper(II) Mn(II) complex] (SB) derivative was investigated for its anticandidal activity against Candida albicans and possible mechanisms inducing cell death. The results revealed that SB treatment induces apoptotic and necrotic pathways in C. albicans ATCC10231 strain. Intracellular reactive oxygen species production determined by 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining was triggered by SB and amphotericin B administrations in a dose-dependent manner. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that SB exposure resulted in regulation of critical development and stress related gene expressions. SB treatment directly upregulated expression of stress related genes, DDR48 and RIM101, while suppressed important cell signaling and antibiotic resistance acquiring related genes such as HSP90, ERG11 and EFG1. Furthermore, CaMCA1 mRNA levels were found to be significantly high in SB-treated yeast cells, indicating possible caspase-like mechanism activation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that SB treatment led to severe cell wall integrity disruption and wrinkling. The study will encourage development of SB-based anticandidal regimens but further studies are highly warranted to understand limitations and the extended use in the routine.     

Effects of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil compounds,fenchone and limonene,on experimental wound healing

We investigated the wound healing efficacy of the Foeniculum vulgare compounds, fenchone and limonene, using an excisional cutaneous wound model in rats. An excision wound was made on the back of the rat and fenchone and limonene were applied topically to the wounds once daily, separately or together, for 10 days. Tissue sections from the wounds were evaluated for histopathology. The healing potential was assessed by comparison to an untreated control group and an olive oil treated sham group. We scored wound healing based on epidermal regeneration, granulation tissue thickness and angiogenesis. After day 6, wound contraction with limonene was significantly better than for the control group. Ten days after treatment, a significant increase was observed in wound contraction and re-epithelialization in both fenchone and limonene oil treated groups compared to the sham group. Groups treated with fenchone and with fenchone + limonene scored significantly higher than the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant compared to the olive oil treated group. Our findings support the beneficial effects of fenchone and limonene for augmenting wound healing. The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of fenchone and limonene oil increased collagen synthesis and decreased the number of inflammatory cells during wound healing and may be useful for treating skin wounds.     

Mercury methylation by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132 in the presence of polysulfides

The extracellular speciation of mercury may control bacterial uptake and methylation. Mercury-polysulfide complexes have recently been shown to be prevalent in sulfidic waters containing zero-valent sulfur. Despite substantial increases in total dissolved mercury concentration, methylation rates in cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132 equilibrated with cinnabar did not increase in the presence of polysulfides, as expected due to the large size and charged nature of most of the complexes. In natural waters not at saturation with cinnabar, mercury-polysulfide complexes would be expected to shift the speciation of mercury from HgS(0)((aq)) toward charged complexes, thereby decreasing methylation rates.     

On maintenance and metabolisms in soil microbial communities

Plant and Soil - Biochemistry is an essential yet undervalued aspect of soil ecology, especially when analyzing soil C cycling. We assume, based on tradition, intuition or hope, that the complexity...     

The Frequencies of the Serum Amyloid A2 Alleles in Healthy (Turkish,Azerbaijani, and Kazakh) Populations

The Amyloid A1 (AA1) and A2 (AA2) proteins, which result from proteolytic cleavage of the Serum Amyloid A1 (SAA1) and A2 (SAA2) proteins, are major protein components of the Amyloid A deposits found in secondary amyloidosis. This study determines frequency of serum amyloid A2 alleles (α, β) in healthy Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Kazakh subjects. Two hundred Turkish, sixty-five Azerbaijani and sixty-five Kazakh healthy individuals were studied by previously described the PCR-RFLP methods. Our data revealed that the frequencies of the α and β alleles at the SAA2 locus in the Turkish healthy population were different when compared to those in Azerbaijani and Kazakh healthy populations (P = 0.014 and 0.02), respectively. In contrast, the difference between α and β alleles at the SAA2 locus was not different in both Kazakh and Azerbaijani healthy populations (P = 0.882).From Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 7, 2005, pp. 986–989.Original English Text Copyright © 2005 by Hakki Tastan, Ozlem Osmanagaoglu, Ayla Tuzun.The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Genotoxic action of Luna Experience-SC 400 fungicide on rat bone marrow

Abstract

Background: Fungicides describe all chemicals used to control fungi that infect plants. Luna Experience SC-400 is a new line of fungicide that consist of Fluopyram and Tebuconazole.

Objective: In this study, We investigated the genotoxicty and cytotoxicty of Luna Experience-SC 400 using comet assay, micronucleus test and polychromatic erythrocytes number in rat bone marrow. The present study is the first report indicating the effects of genotoxic and cytotoxic of Luna experience SC-400 on rat bone marrow cells.

Material and Methods: We used three different doses (5mg/kg, 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg) of Luna Experience SC 400 at 48 h intervals during 30 days by gavage in rats.Genotoxicity was evaluated using comet assay and micronucleus test and cytotoxicity was measured the PCE/NCE rate in rat bone marrow.

Results: Based on these experimental results, we report that Luna Experience-SC 400 fungicide presents genotoxic and cytotoxic potential on rat bone marrow. There is a significant difference between negative control group and all the doses of Luna Experience-SC 400 (p?<?0.05) for comet assay and micronucleus. Even moderate and high doses of fungicides seem to have reached the values of almost positive control group for Genetic Damage Index (GDI) and Damaged Cell Percentage (DCP). In this study, we also investigated the PCE/NCE rate. Fungicide caused a decrease in the level of significant in the PCE/NCE ratio (p?<?0.05).

Conclusion: Our in vivo study suggests that the gavage exposure to Luna experience SC 400 used in the present investigation may be genotoxic and cytotoxic in rat bone marrow in view of these findings. Because this findings is first report represented in the pesticide biology, it is important to carry out more investigations using various cytogenetic tests under different experimental conditions to definitively resolve the the possible genotoxic and cytotoxic risk associated with new generation pesticides-fungicides.     

The taxonomic value of leaf anatomy and trichome morphology of the genus Cyclotrichium (Lamiaceae) in Turkey

The genus Cyclotrichium (Boiss.) Manden. & Scheng. is represented by six species in Turkey: C. glabrescens, C. leucotrichum, C. longiflorum, C. niveum, C. origanifolium and C. stamineum. They are aromatic perennial subshrubs used as spices or herbal teas in traditional Turkish medicine. The leaf anatomy and tomentum morphology of leaves and calyces of Cyclotrichium species in Turkey was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The investigated species have equifacial (C. niveum, C. origanifolium) or bifacial leaves (C. glabressens, C. leucotrichum, C. longiflorum, C. stamineum). All species have peltate and capitate glandular, and simple (all species) or branched (C. niveum) eglandular trichomes and diacytic stomata. Peltate trichomes consist of a basal cell embedded in the epidermis, a stalk cell, and a broad 12 (–13)‐celled secretory head arranged in two concentric circles. The capitate trichomes observed in Cyclotrichium can be grouped into five types, differing in structure and size. They consist of either a pear‐shaped or globose unicellular head and uni‐or bicellular stalk, or a bicellular head and bicellular stalk. The density of peltate, capitate and eglandular trichomes differs between species. Peltate trichomes are densely spaced only on the calyx and on the leaf surface of C. niveum and C. origanifolium and on the abaxial leaf surface of C. longiflorum and C. stamineum. The significance of trichome architecture for taxonomy in Cyclotrichium and Lamiaceae in general is discussed.     

SNP-guided identification of monoallelic DNA-methylation events from enrichment-based sequencing data

Monoallelic gene expression is typically initiated early in the development of an organism. Dysregulation of monoallelic gene expression has already been linked to several non-Mendelian inherited genetic disorders. In humans, DNA-methylation is deemed to be an important regulator of monoallelic gene expression, but only few examples are known. One important reason is that current, cost-affordable truly genome-wide methods to assess DNA-methylation are based on sequencing post-enrichment. Here, we present a new methodology based on classical population genetic theory, i.e. the Hardy–Weinberg theorem, that combines methylomic data from MethylCap-seq with associated SNP profiles to identify monoallelically methylated loci. Applied on 334 MethylCap-seq samples of very diverse origin, this resulted in the identification of 80 genomic regions featured by monoallelic DNA-methylation. Of these 80 loci, 49 are located in genic regions of which 25 have already been linked to imprinting. Further analysis revealed statistically significant enrichment of these loci in promoter regions, further establishing the relevance and usefulness of the method. Additional validation was done using both 14 whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data sets and 16 mRNA-seq data sets. Importantly, the developed approach can be easily applied to other enrichment-based sequencing technologies, like the ChIP-seq-based identification of monoallelic histone modifications.