Bax Inhibitor-1-mediated Ca leak is decreased by cytosolic acidosis

Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an evolutionarily conserved six-transmembrane domain endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein that protects against ER stress-induced apoptotic cell death. This function is closely connected to its ability to lower steady-state ER Ca²⁺ levels. Recently, we elucidated BI-1's Ca²⁺-channel pore in the C-terminal part of the protein and identified the critical amino acids of its pore. Based on these insights, a Ca²⁺-channel pore-dead mutant BI-1 (BI-1^D213R) was developed. We determined whether BI-1 behaves as a bona fide H⁺/Ca²⁺ antiporter or as an ER Ca²⁺-leak channel by investigating the effect of pH on unidirectional Ca²⁺-efflux rates. At pH 6.8, wild-type BI-1 expression in BI-1^−/− cells increased the ER Ca²⁺-leak rate, correlating with its localization in the ER compartment. In contrast, BI-1^D231R expression in BI-1^−/−, despite its ER localization, did not increase the ER Ca²⁺-leak rate. However, at pH < 6.8, the BI-1-mediated ER Ca²⁺ leak was blocked. Finally, a peptide representing the Ca²⁺-channel pore of BI-1 promoting Ca²⁺ flux from the ER was used. Lowering the pH from 6.8 to 6.0 completely abolished the ability of the BI-1 peptide to mediate Ca²⁺ flux from the ER. We propose that this pH dependence is due to two aspartic acid residues critical for the function of the Ca²⁺-channel pore and located in the ER membrane-dipping domain, which facilitates the protonation of these residues.     

Disassembly of All SNARE Complexes by N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive Factor (NSF) Is Initiated by a Conserved 1:1 Interaction between α-Soluble NSF Attachment Protein (SNAP) and SNARE Complex

Vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic cells is facilitated by SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. The ATPase NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) and the adaptor protein α-SNAP (soluble NSF attachment protein) disassemble all SNARE complexes formed throughout different pathways, but the effect of SNARE sequence and domain variation on the poorly understood disassembly mechanism is unknown. By measuring SNARE-stimulated ATP hydrolysis rates, Michaelis-Menten constants for disassembly, and SNAP-SNARE binding constants for four different ternary SNARE complexes and one binary complex, we found a conserved mechanism, not influenced by N-terminal SNARE domains. α-SNAP and the ternary SNARE complex form a 1:1 complex as revealed by multiangle light scattering. We propose a model of NSF-mediated disassembly in which the reaction is initiated by a 1:1 interaction between α-SNAP and the ternary SNARE complex, followed by NSF binding. Subsequent additional α-SNAP binding events may occur as part of a processive disassembly mechanism.     

Two New Species of Zeugmatothrips Priesner, 1925 (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: Idolothripinae) from Costa Rica with a Key to the Species

Two new species of Zeugmatothrips are described from Costa Rica. The species Z. verae n. sp. can be distinguished by the wide abdominal segments II–V and body length. On the other hand, Z. gerardoi n. sp. is characteristic by the length of the mid-dorsal setae on the head and the seta on antennal segment V. The key of Mound & Palmer modified for eighteen species is presented.     

Phylogeography of the widespread African puff adder (Bitis arietans) reveals multiple Pleistocene refugia in southern Africa

Evidence from numerous Pan‐African savannah mammals indicates that open‐habitat refugia existed in Africa during the Pleistocene, isolated by expanding tropical forests during warm and humid interglacial periods. However, comparative data from other taxonomic groups are currently lacking. We present a phylogeographic investigation of the African puff adder (Bitis arietans), a snake that occurs in open‐habitat formations throughout sub‐Saharan Africa. Multiple parapatric mitochondrial clades occur across the current distribution of B. arietans, including a widespread southern African clade that is subdivided into four separate clades. We investigated the historical processes responsible for generating these phylogeographic patterns in southern Africa using species distribution modelling and genetic approaches. Our results show that interior regions of South Africa became largely inhospitable for B. arietans during glacial maxima, whereas coastal and more northerly areas remained habitable. This corresponds well with the locations of refugia inferred from mitochondrial data using a continuous phylogeographic diffusion model. Analysis of data from five anonymous nuclear loci revealed broadly similar patterns to mtDNA. Secondary admixture was detected between previously isolated refugial populations. In some cases, this is limited to individuals occurring near mitochondrial clade contact zones, but in other cases, more extensive admixture is evident. Overall, our study reveals a complex history of refugial isolation and secondary expansion for puff adders and a mosaic of isolated refugia in southern Africa. We also identify key differences between the processes that drove isolation in B. arietans and those hypothesized for sympatric savannah mammals.     

Inhibition enhances memory capacity: optimal feedback, transient replay and oscillations

Recurring sequences of neuronal activation in the hippocampus are a candidate for a neurophysiological correlate of episodic memory. Here, we discuss a mean-field theory for such spike sequences in phase space and show how they become unstable when the neuronal network operates at maximum memory capacity. We find that inhibitory feedback rescues replay of the sequences, giving rise to oscillations and thereby enhancing the network’s capacity. We further argue that transient sequences in an overloaded network with feedback inhibition may provide a mechanistic picture of memory-related neuronal activity during hippocampal sharp-wave ripple complexes.     

The Cerebellum Optimizes Perceptual Predictions about External Sensory Events

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Molecular dynamics simulations give insight into the conformational change,complex formation,and electron transfer pathway for cytochrome P450 reductase

Cytochrome P450 reductase (CYPOR) undergoes a large conformational change to allow for an electron transfer to a redox partner to take place. After an internal electron transfer over its cofactors, it opens up to facilitate the interaction and electron transfer with a cytochrome P450. The open conformation appears difficult to crystallize. Therefore, a model of a human CYPOR in the open conformation was constructed to be able to investigate the stability and conformational change of this protein by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Since the role of the protein is to provide electrons to a redox partner, the interactions with cytochrome P450 2D6 (2D6) were investigated and a possible complex structure is suggested. Additionally, electron pathway calculations with a newly written program were performed to investigate which amino acids relay the electrons from the FMN cofactor of CYPOR to the HEME of 2D6. Several possible interacting amino acids in the complex, as well as a possible electron transfer pathway were identified and open the way for further investigation by site directed mutagenesis studies.