全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2229篇 |
免费 | 231篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 27篇 |
2021年 | 52篇 |
2020年 | 24篇 |
2019年 | 33篇 |
2018年 | 45篇 |
2017年 | 40篇 |
2016年 | 53篇 |
2015年 | 78篇 |
2014年 | 92篇 |
2013年 | 138篇 |
2012年 | 133篇 |
2011年 | 125篇 |
2010年 | 71篇 |
2009年 | 78篇 |
2008年 | 96篇 |
2007年 | 80篇 |
2006年 | 70篇 |
2005年 | 96篇 |
2004年 | 85篇 |
2003年 | 75篇 |
2002年 | 75篇 |
2001年 | 41篇 |
2000年 | 46篇 |
1999年 | 44篇 |
1998年 | 37篇 |
1997年 | 35篇 |
1996年 | 24篇 |
1995年 | 28篇 |
1994年 | 25篇 |
1993年 | 24篇 |
1992年 | 32篇 |
1991年 | 35篇 |
1990年 | 39篇 |
1989年 | 26篇 |
1988年 | 24篇 |
1987年 | 30篇 |
1986年 | 22篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1979年 | 19篇 |
1978年 | 20篇 |
1977年 | 16篇 |
1976年 | 14篇 |
1973年 | 15篇 |
1971年 | 18篇 |
1969年 | 14篇 |
1968年 | 15篇 |
1967年 | 16篇 |
排序方式: 共有2461条查询结果,搜索用时 562 毫秒
81.
Methods have been developed for the measurements of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in single, isolated muscle fibers. These fibers are also classified according to fiber type. Catalase is determined using a fluorescent method for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide consumed. SOD measurements are carried out using a modification of established techniques whereby the inhibition of oxidation of epinephrine by SOD is assayed fluorometrically. Both enzymes may be determined in submicrogram samples of dried muscle. This approach avoids the complication of the inclusion of nonmuscle tissue with varying enzymatic activities which is frequently experienced when using homogenates of muscle, particularly diseased muscle. In addition, these techniques can be used to determine the inherent variation in SOD and catalase activities within individual fibers of the same fiber type. The Km and Vmax for catalase, determined using homogenates of human muscle, were found to be 12 mM and 1.45 mumol/min/mg dry wt, respectively. Catalase of muscle was inhibited 50% by 2 microM sodium azide. Mn-SOD contributes less than one-fifth of the total SOD activity. Therefore the activity is largely due to the Cu-Zn form of SOD. These methods are applicable to a wide variety of tissues. 相似文献
82.
83.
84.
Alfredo Seiiti Urashima Tatiane de Fátima Mistura Lis Natali Rodrigues Porto Paige Dariel Austin Renee Silvia Arias 《Journal of Phytopathology》2020,168(10):581-590
The use of resistant genotypes is the preferred method to control orange rust of sugarcane (Saccharum spp) caused by Puccinia kuehnii. This approach has been adopted in Brazil but outbreaks of the disease on previously resistant varieties showed that the efficacy of this method is limited and requires a better understanding of pathogen diversity. Nevertheless, adequate molecular markers for examining pathogen diversity at population level are not available, which limits the success of orange rust control by genetic resistance. Therefore, two independent investigations were conducted to examine genetic diversity of P. kuehnii from São Paulo state, the most important sugarcane growing state of Brazil. First, simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed in the present work and genotypic diversity of orange rust isolates from different locations investigated. Second, phenotypic diversity was examined by the single-pustule inoculation technique on P. kuehnii isolates retrieved from three susceptible commercial sugarcane cultivars. A total of 96 SSR markers were generated and tested for this species. Subsequently, 29 isolates of P. kuehnii were fingerprinted with nine SSR markers to estimate the genotypic diversity by neighbour-joining and 3D principal coordinates. The 29 isolates of the pathogen clustered into four main groups, which were identified by three SSR markers (NPRL_PK_108a, NPRL_PK_162_spka and NPRL_PK_221_spka). Phenotypic data at 21 days after the single-pustule inoculation showed that P. kuehnii from highly susceptible commercial cultivars harboured a small proportion of variants capable of causing disease on resistant cultivars. A differential reaction was demonstrated for the most virulent variant in a repeated experiment confirming the existence of races within P. kuehnii in Brazil. 相似文献
85.
Sura Ali Benjamin Jenkins Jiujun Cheng Briallen Lobb Xin Wei Suhelen Egan Trevor C. Charles Brendan J. McConkey John Austin Andrew C. Doxey 《Molecular microbiology》2020,114(6):979-990
S-layers are paracrystalline proteinaceous lattices that surround prokaryotic cells, forming a critical interface between the cells and their extracellular environment. Here, we report the discovery of a novel S-layer protein present in the Gram-negative marine organism, Pseudoalteromonas tunicata D2. An uncharacterized protein (EAR28894) was identified as the most abundant protein in planktonic cultures and biofilms. Bioinformatic methods predicted a beta-helical structure for EAR28894 similar to the Caulobacter S-layer protein, RsaA, despite sharing less than 20% sequence identity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that purified EAR28894 protein assembled into paracrystalline sheets with a unique square lattice symmetry and a unit cell spacing of ~9.1 nm. An S-layer was found surrounding the outer membrane in wild-type cells and completely removed from cells in an EAR28894 deletion mutant. S-layer material also appeared to be “shed” from wild-type cells and was highly abundant in the extracellular matrix where it is associated with outer membrane vesicles and other matrix components. EAR28894 and its homologs form a new family of S-layer proteins that are widely distributed in Gammaproteobacteria including species of Pseudoalteromonas and Vibrio, and found exclusively in marine metagenomes. We propose the name Slr4 for this novel protein family. 相似文献
86.
Philippe Munyandamutsa Wilson Lazaro Jere Daud Kassam Austin Mtethiwa 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(12):5694-5711
Tooth shape is used to differentiate between morphologically similar species of vertebrates, including fish. This study aimed to quantify tooth shape of three sympatric species: Haplochromis kamiranzovu, H. insidiae, and H. astatodon endemic to Lake Kivu, whose existing identification criteria are currently only qualitative. A quantitative tooth shape analysis was performed based on digitized tooth outline data with a subsequent elliptic Fourier analysis to test for differences among the three species. We looked at crown shape and size differences within H. kamiranzovu and H. insidiae at geographical, habitat, and gender levels. No comparison at habitat level was done for H. astatodon because it is found only in littoral zone. The analysis revealed significant tooth shape differences among the three species. Haplochromis astatodon had a significantly longer major cusp height and a longer and larger minor cusp than that of H. insidiae. It had also a longer major cusp height and a longer and larger minor cusp than that of H. kamiranzovu. Tooth shape differences of H. kamiranzovu and H. insidiae species were not significantly different between littoral and pelagic fish (p > .05) while differences were significant between southern and northern Lake Kivu populations (p < .05). Tooth sizes in H. kamiranzovu and H. insidiae were significantly different, both in height and width as well as in their ratios, and this was true at sex and geographic levels (p < .05), but not at habitat level (p > .05). Tooth shape was also significantly different with sharp teeth for males compared with females of southern populations versus northern ones. These shape‐ and size‐related differences between sexes suggest differences in the foraging strategies toward available food resources in the lake habitat. Further research should explain the genetic basis of the observed pattern. 相似文献
87.
88.
Maren de Vries Adil S. Mohamed Rachel A. Prescott Ana M. Valero-Jimenez Ludovic Desvignes Rebecca OConnor Claire Steppan Joseph C. Devlin Ellie Ivanova Alberto Herrera Austin Schinlever Paige Loose Kelly Ruggles Sergei B. Koralov Annaliesa S. Anderson Joseph Binder Meike Dittmann 《Journal of virology》2021,95(10)
89.
Andreas Lackner Robert Sehlke Marius Garmhausen Giuliano Giuseppe Stirparo Michelle Huth Fabian TitzTeixeira Petra van der Lelij Julia Ramesmayer Henry F Thomas Meryem Ralser Laura Santini Elena Galimberti Mihail Sarov A Francis Stewart Austin Smith Andreas Beyer Martin Leeb 《The EMBO journal》2021,40(8)
90.
Philippe S. Munyandamutsa Wilson L. Jere Daud Kassam Austin Mtethiwa 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(4):1570
Local adaptation to the littoral and pelagic zones in two cichlid haplochromine fish species from Lake Kivu was investigated using morphometrics. Cranial variation and inferred jaw mechanics in both sexes of the two species across the two habitat types were quantified and compared. Comparisons of littoral versus pelagic populations revealed habitat‐specific differences in the shape of the feeding apparatus. Also, kinematic transmission of the anterior jaw four‐bar linkage that promotes greater jaw protrusion was higher in the pelagic zone than in the littoral zone for both species. Inferred bite force was likewise higher in pelagic zone fish. There were also sex‐specific differences in craniofacial morphology as males exhibited longer heads than females in both habitats. As has been described for other cichlids in the East African Great Lakes, local adaptation to trophic resources in the littoral and pelagic habitats characterizes these two Lake Kivu cichlids. Similar studies involving other types of the Lake Kivu fishes are recommended to test the evidence of the observed trophic patterns and their genetic basis of divergences. 相似文献