Selection of an atrazine-resistant tobacco cell line having a mutant psbA gene

Summary A mutant cell line that shows high resistance to the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide atrazine was selected from cultured photomixotrophic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN cells by repeated exposure to toxic levels of the herbicide. This resistance was confirmed by measurements of Hill reaction activity in isolated thylakoid membranes. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that the resistant cell line had a point mutation in its chloroplast psbA gene. The 264th codon, AGT (serine) was changed to ACT (threonine) in this mutant. This new type of mutation also conferred moderate cross-resistance to diuron and subsequently was stable in the absence of continued selection pressure.     

Cellular and Vacuolar Fusion of Protoplasts Electrofused Using Platinum Microelectrodes

Protoplasts isolated from cultured cells of Coptis japonicaand Euphorbia millii were electrically fused using platinummicroelectrodes. The process involved two stages, cellular andvacuolar fusion, which are characterized respectively by transientwrinkling of the membrane and the formation of a dark-red precipitate. (Received June 12, 1987; Accepted October 13, 1987)     

Effects of Physical Parameters upon Protoplast Electrofusion

The effects of three physical parameters upon protoplast electrofusionwere studied using protoplasts from cultured cells of Coptisjaponica and Euphorbia millii. The osmotic potential of themedium did not appreciably affect the AC-field-induced protoplast-pairformation, but significantly influenced the fusion process ofthe paired protoplasts in response to DC pulses. The optimumosmotic potential was 0.55 to 0.60 Osm/kg H₂O in our system.The density of the medium markedly influenced both pair formationand fusion process. The optimum density was 1.13 to 1.14 g/cm₃,and at this density the yield of the fused protoplasts increasedto more than twice that of the control (1.10 g/cm₃). Hydrophiliccoating of the bottom surface of the chamber with Gellan gumor polyacrylamide gel was also effective for both pair formationand the fusion process, while coating with hydrophobic siliconewas entirely inhibitory. Possible interpretations of the effectsof these physical parameters upon protoplast electrofusion arepresented. ¹Permanent address: Biochemical Research Laboratories, KanegafuchiChemical Industry Co., Ltd., Takasago, Hyogo 676, Japan. (Received December 21, 1987; Accepted March 18, 1988)     

Biosynthesis of a novel transformation-sensitive heat-shock protein that binds to collagen. Regulation by mRNA levels and in vitro synthesis of a functional precursor

The synthesis of a major collagen-binding glycoprotein of molecular weight 47,000 was previously shown to be altered by malignant transformation as well as by heat shock in chick embryo fibroblasts (Nagata, K., and Yamada, K.M. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7531-7536 and Nagata, K., Saga, S., and Yamada, K.M. (1986) J. Cell Biol. 103, 223-229). In this paper, we examined the synthesis of this heat shock protein (hsp47) in terms of possible functional precursors and its regulation after heat shock and transformation by Rous sarcoma virus. Actinomycin D inhibited the induction of hsp47 after heat shock. Messenger RNAs purified from chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF), heat-treated CEF, and transformed CEF were analyzed in an in vitro translation system. In vitro translated products readily bound to gelatin-Sepharose, and levels were increased after heat shock and decreased after transformation. The increase in mRNA after heat shock was shown more directly by Northern assay using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe. We identified two putative precursors of hsp47 using an in vitro translation/processing system and tunicamycin: one is a 42-kDa primary translation product and the second is a 41-kDa polypeptide lacking signal peptide and carbohydrate moieties. Both of these precursors are biologically active as determined by gelatin-binding activity, in contrast to the lack of binding activity of precursors in several other membrane-associated receptor systems.     

K-252a, a novel microbial product, inhibits smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase

Effects of K-252a, (8R*, 9S*, 11S*)-(-)-9-hydroxy-9-methoxycarbonyl-8-methyl-2,3,9,10-tetrahydro-8, 11-epoxy-1H,8H,11H-2,7b,11a-triazadibenzo[a,g]cycloocta [cde]trinden-1-one, purified from the culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp., on the activity of myosin light chain kinase were investigated. 1) K-252a (1 x 10(-5) M) affected three characteristic properties of chicken gizzard myosin-B, natural actomyosin, to a similar degree: the Ca2+-dependent activity of ATPase, superprecipitation, and the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain. 2) K-252a inhibited the activities of the purified myosin light chain kinase and a Ca2+-independent form of the enzyme which was constructed by cross-linking of myosin light chain kinase and calmodulin using glutaraldehyde. The degrees of inhibition by 3 x 10(-6) M K-252a were 69 and 48% of the control activities with the purified enzyme and the cross-linked complex, respectively. Chlorpromazine (3 x 10(-4) M), a calmodulin antagonist, inhibited the native enzyme, but not the cross-linked one. These results suggested that K-252a inhibited myosin light chain kinase by direct interaction with the enzyme, whereas chlorpromazine suppressed the enzyme activation by interacting with calmodulin. 3) The inhibition by K-252a of the cross-linked kinase was affected by the concentration of ATP, a phosphate donor. The concentration causing 50% inhibition was two orders magnitude lower in the presence of 100 microM ATP than in the presence of 2 mM ATP. 4) Kinetic analyses using [gama-32P]ATP indicated that the inhibitory mode of K-252a was competitive with respect to ATP (Ki = 20 nM). These results suggest that K-252a interacts at the ATP-binding domain of myosin light chain kinase. The direct action of the compound on the enzyme would explain the multivarious inhibition of myosin ATPase, of superprecipitation, and of the contractile response of smooth muscle.     

Phosphorylation of intracellular precursors of human IL-1

The human IL-1 molecules (IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta) are post-translationally cleaved from 31-kDa precursor to 18-kDa biologically active molecules. During the course of studies of post-translational modifications of human IL-1, we have observed that although LPS induced the production of both intracellular IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in human monocytes, [32P]orthophosphate labeling of these cells revealed that intracellular precursor of IL-1 alpha (pre-IL-1 alpha) to be phosphorylated at least 10-fold more than intracellular pre-IL-1 beta. However, no 32P-incorporation could be detected in the 18-kDa processed IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. Analysis by TLC revealed that the major phosphorylation site occurred at serine residue(s). The 32P was incorporated into multiply cleaved precursors of IL-1 alpha, which appeared in the absence of protease inhibitors. Since the smallest Mr pre-IL-1 alpha that was labeled with 32P was 22 kDa, the phosphorylated serine residue is presumably located adjacent to a sequence of four basic amino acids located in the 4-kDa region at the amino terminus of the 22-kDa precursor of IL-1 alpha. This serine residue might also be a major phosphorylation site for a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. This hypothesis was substantiated by the demonstration that a synthetic peptide analogue of this region (residue 84 to 112) could be similarly phosphorylated in vitro by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Furthermore, a truncated pre-IL-1 alpha (residue 64 to 271) and a "fusion" protein containing staphylococcal protein A and an amino-terminal half-portion of pre-IL-1 alpha (residue 1 to 112), but not mature IL-1 alpha (residue 113 to 271), could also be phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. There is no comparable amino acid sequence in IL-1 beta which could be expected to be phosphorylated by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The physiologic relevance of phosphorylation of pre-IL-1 alpha was investigated. The data showed that phosphorylation of truncated pre-IL-1 alpha greatly enhanced its susceptibility to digestion by trypsin and promoted the conversion of pre-IL-1 alpha to the more biologically active IL-1. Although the precise role of the rather selective phosphorylation of pre-IL-1 alpha is not known, our findings do suggest that the phosphorylation of serine close to dibasic/tetrabasic amino acid sequence functions to facilitate the processing and/or release of IL-1 alpha.     

Transmembrane orientation of the fibronectin receptor complex (integrin) demonstrated directly by a combination of immunocytochemical approaches

The avian 140-KD cell adhesion receptor or "integrin," a complex of three glycoproteins with molecular masses averaging 140 KD, interacts with extracellular fibronectin and forms a linkage complex that co-localizes with intracellular actin. To probe the molecular interactions involved in this linkage complex, we used monoclonal antibodies and a combination of immunolocalization approaches to determine whether any component was transmembrane. Immunoadsorption and immunoblotting experiments demonstrated that anti-120-KD Mabs recognized the band 3 component of integrin isolated from chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) by JG22E immunoaffinity chromatography, and they co-localize with anti-fibronectin and polyclonal anti-integrin at cell contact sites in double-labeling experiments. Immunofluorescence experiments involved comparisons of double-labeled intact cells or substrate-attached, ventral plasma membrane "rip-off" fragments, using anti-fibronectin and each of the anti-120-KD Mabs. The extracellular faces of living intact cells were strongly labeled by a majority (approximately 70%) of the anti-120-KD Mabs at fibronectin-membrane attachment sites. The remainder (approximately 30%) labeled intact cells weakly or not at all. However, although the anti-120-KD Mab ES186 did not stain living cells, it did demonstrate positive staining above substratum contact sites over entire isolated rip-off membranes. In contrast, Mabs directed against putative extracellular epitopes and anti-fibronectin antibodies did not label these sites at the center of rip-offs unless the membranes were detergent permeabilized. Proteolysis experiments suggested that the ES186 epitope was located at one end of the molecule, since removal of short fragments from integrin band 3 concomitantly removed or destroyed the ES186 epitope, whereas the extracellular epitopes still remained. These experiments directly demonstrate that integrin band 3 is a transmembrane polypeptide with at least one epitope recognized by anti-120-KD Mabs on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and at least one epitope on the extracellular cell surface.     

Genetic diversity among sublines originating from a single somatic hybrid cell of Duboisia hopwoodii + Nicotiana tabacum

Summary The genetic instability of an intertribal hybrid cell line, Duboisia hopwoodii + Nicotiana tabacum, obtained by mechanical isolation of a single hybrid cell was studied. Ten subclones of calli derived from this hybrid cell line were cultured for 3 years, and their genetic makeup clarified as to nuclear DNA content, chromosome constitution, and peroxidase isozymes. Nuclear DNA content differed in each subclone. In most subclones, mean DNA content was lower than the mean DNA content in the original hybrid cell line determined 1 year after fusion. This decrease in DNA content is partly attributable to the elimination of tobacco chromosomes that occurred in all subclones. The extent to which tobacco chromosomes were eliminated varied among the subclones — evidence that chromosome elimination occurred slowly. Peroxidase isozyme analysis indicated the loss of a tobacco-specific isozyme, thus confirming results obtained by chromosome analysis. Shoots regenerated from two hybrid subclones after 2 years were also heterogeneous in morphology and nuclear DNA content.     

Effects of cold exposure on inhibition by isoproterenol of release of alanine in the rat

The effects of isoproterenol on the release of alanine during perfusion with pyruvate and valine were studied in perfused hindlimbs from rats that had been kept for 5 or 20 days at 4 degrees C. In hindlimbs perfused with Krebs bicarbonate buffer in a flow-through mode, the rate of release of alanine during perfusion with 2 mM pyruvate plus 5 mM valine was 250 nmol.min-1.leg-1, a rate that is comparable with that reported in hindlimbs perfused with complex medium. Neither the pyruvate-stimulated nor valine plus pyruvate-stimulated rates of release of alanine changed after 20 days of exposure to cold. Isoproterenol inhibited the release of alanine during perfusion with pyruvate, with valine, and with valine plus pyruvate in hindlimbs from a control group of rats. However, in hindlimbs from cold-exposed groups, isoproterenol failed to inhibit the release of alanine during perfusion with valine plus pyruvate and stimulated the release of alanine during perfusion with valine. Aminooxyacetate inhibited the effects of valine, pyruvate, and isoproterenol. The results obtained suggested that cold exposure decreases the responses to isoproterenol of the mechanism of alanine release and causes an increased supply of alanine to the liver.     

Recent problems in cell culture systems using normal human cells

Some remarkable studies of human cell culture have contributed to many basic and applied sciences on "normal human cells"; developments of biological products or physiologically activated substances. In this reviews, some problems concerning in vitro culture systems were discussed and recent advances on the researches of normal human cells were described.