全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3001篇 |
免费 | 261篇 |
专业分类
3262篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 15篇 |
2022年 | 57篇 |
2021年 | 96篇 |
2020年 | 52篇 |
2019年 | 73篇 |
2018年 | 87篇 |
2017年 | 53篇 |
2016年 | 114篇 |
2015年 | 166篇 |
2014年 | 187篇 |
2013年 | 204篇 |
2012年 | 279篇 |
2011年 | 265篇 |
2010年 | 144篇 |
2009年 | 119篇 |
2008年 | 148篇 |
2007年 | 152篇 |
2006年 | 109篇 |
2005年 | 130篇 |
2004年 | 117篇 |
2003年 | 82篇 |
2002年 | 72篇 |
2001年 | 33篇 |
2000年 | 30篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 17篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 14篇 |
1992年 | 22篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 18篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 18篇 |
1977年 | 13篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1975年 | 11篇 |
1969年 | 9篇 |
1967年 | 12篇 |
排序方式: 共有3262条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Branch lengths, support, and congruence: testing the phylogenomic approach with 20 nuclear loci in snakes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Wiens JJ Kuczynski CA Smith SA Mulcahy DG Sites JW Townsend TM Reeder TW 《Systematic biology》2008,57(3):420-431
Many authors have claimed that short branches in the Tree of Life will be very difficult to resolve with strong support, even with the large multilocus data sets now made possible by genomic resources. Short branches may be especially problematic because the underlying gene trees are expected to have discordant phylogenetic histories when the time between branching events is very short. Although there are many examples of short branches that are difficult to resolve, surprisingly, no empirical studies have systematically examined the relationships between branch lengths, branch support, and congruence among genes. Here, we examine these fundamental relationships quantitatively using a data set of 20 nuclear loci for 50 species of snakes (representing most traditionally recognized families). A combined maximum likelihood analysis of the 20 loci gives strong support for 69% of the nodes, but many remain weakly supported, with bootstrap values for 20% ranging from 21% to 66%. For the combined-data tree, we find significant correlations between the length of a branch, levels of bootstrap support, and the proportion of genes that are congruent with that branch in the separate analyses of each gene. We also find that strongly supported conflicts between gene trees over the resolution of individual branches are common (roughly 35% of clades), especially for shorter branches. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that short branches may be very difficult to confidently resolve, even with large, multilocus data sets. Nevertheless, our study provides strong support for many clades, including several that were controversial or poorly resolved in previous studies of snake phylogeny. 相似文献
42.
Jessica S. Ross Wei Hu Bess Rosen Ashley J. Snider Lina M. Obeid L. Ashley Cowart 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(31):22193-22206
We previously demonstrated that sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) expression and activity are up-regulated by exogenous palmitate (PAL) in a skeletal muscle model system and in diet-induced obesity in mice; however, potential functions and in vivo relevance of this have not been addressed. Here, we aimed to determine the mechanism by which PAL regulates SphK1 in muscle, and to determine potential roles for its product, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in muscle biology in the context of obesity. Cloning and analysis of the mouse Sphk1 promoter revealed a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α cis-element that mediated activation of a reporter under control of the Sphk1 promoter; direct interaction of PPARα was demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. PAL treatment induced the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 in a manner dependent on SphK1, and this was attenuated by inhibition of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3). Diet-induced obesity in mice demonstrated that IL-6 expression in muscle, but not adipose tissue, increased in obesity, but this was attenuated in Sphk1−/− mice. Moreover, plasma IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in obese Sphk1−/− mice relative to obese wild type mice, and muscle, but not adipose tissue IL-6 signaling was activated. These data indicate that PPARα regulates Sphk1 expression in the context of fatty acid oversupply and links PAL to muscle IL-6 production. Moreover, this function of SphK1 in diet-induced obesity suggests a potential role for SphK1 in obesity-associated pathological outcomes. 相似文献
43.
44.
T. Ashley 《Genetica》1987,72(2):81-84
It has been previously supposed that meiotic synapsis is restricted to homology during early, but not late pachynema. The synaptic begavior of an inverted X chromosome, In(X)1H as reflected in the synaptonemal complexes of the sex chromosomes has been examined in microspread spermatocytes by electron microscopy and evidence of extensive nonhomologus synapsis between the X and Y during early pachynema has been obtained. 相似文献
45.
Evidence‐based medicine (EBM) proponents have argued that mechanistic evidence concerning medical treatments should be considered secondary to evidence derived from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). One common criticism of RCTs is that they often do not yield results that are generalizable to clinical practice, and that for clinical practice application, mechanistic evidence is needed. However, proponents of EBM have argued that mechanistic reasoning is often unreliable and thus not very useful. Here we suggest an important role of mechanistic explanation that has been left out of this discussion entirely, namely, its importance in a patient’s decision of whether or not to take certain drugs. We argue that in certain cases, knowing how a treatment works is just as important for the patient as knowing whether it does. In this paper, we explore how and why giving patients mechanistic information can be an important factor in obtaining informed consent for medical treatment, focusing on the example case of hormonal contraceptives. 相似文献
46.
Kelsey H. Fisher-Wellman James A. Draper Michael T. Davidson Ashley S. Williams Tara M. Narowski Dorothy H. Slentz Olga R. Ilkayeva Robert D. Stevens Gregory R. Wagner Rami Najjar Mathew D. Hirschey J. Will Thompson David P. Olson Daniel P. Kelly Timothy R. Koves Paul A. Grimsrud Deborah M. Muoio 《Cell reports》2019,26(6):1557-1572.e8
47.
During many infections, large numbers of effector CD8+ T cells are generated. After pathogen clearance, the majority of these cells undergo apoptosis, while the survivors differentiate into memory CD8+ T cells. Although loss of both Bim and Fas function dramatically increased antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, it was unclear whether they were pardoned effector or true memory CD8+ T cells. In this study, we demonstrate they are bona fide memory T cells as characterized by surface marker expression, cytokine production, homeostatic proliferation, and ability to clear a secondary challenge of pathogen. Loss of both Bim and Fas also increased the number of virus-specific CD4+ T cells found in the lymph nodes compared to the parental genotypes or wildtype mice. These studies illustrate that decreasing apoptosis increases the number of memory T cells and therefore could increase the efficacy of vaccines. 相似文献
48.
Frisby CL Fraser RJ Schirmer MB Yeoh EK Blackshaw LA 《American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology》2007,293(1):G121-G127
Administration of abdominal radiotherapy results in small intestinal motor dysfunction. We have developed a rat radiation enteritis model that, after exposure in vivo, shows high-amplitude, long-duration (HALD) pressure waves in ex vivo ileal segments. These resemble in vivo dysmotility where giant contractions migrate both antegradely and retrogradely. Mediation of these motor patterns is unclear, although enteric neural components are implicated. After the induction of acute radiation enteritis in vivo, ileal segments were isolated and arterially perfused. TTX, hexamethonium, atropine, or the selective muscarinic antagonists pirenzepine (M(1)), methoctramine (M(2)), and 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide (4-DAMP; M(3)) were added to the perfusate. The baseline mean rate per minute per channel of HALD pressure waves was 0.35 +/- 0.047. This was significantly reduced by TTX (83.3%, P < 0.01), hexamethonium (90.3%, P < 0.03), and atropine (98.4%, P < 0.01). The HALD pressure wave mean rate per minute per channel was significantly reduced by pirenzepine (81.1%, P < 0.03), methoctramine (96.8%, P < 0.001), and 4-DAMP (93.1%, P < 0.03) compared with predrug baseline data. As an indicator of normal motility patterns, the frequency of low-amplitude, short-duration pressure waves was also assessed. The mean rate per minute per channel of 5.15 +/- 0.98 was significantly increased by TTX (19%, P < 0.05) but significantly reduced by pirenzepine (35.1%, P < 0.02) and methoctramine (75%, P < 0.0003). However, the rate of small-amplitude pressure waves was not affected by hexamethonium, atropine, or the M(3) antagonist 4-DAMP. The data indicate a role for neuronal mechanisms and the specific involvement of cholinergic receptors in generating dysmotility in acute radiation enteritis. The effect of selective M(3) receptor antagonism suggests that M(3) receptors may provide specific therapeutic targets in acute radiation enteritis. 相似文献
49.
Previous studies of migratory sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) have made significant progress explaining evolution of this group at the species scale, but have been unsuccessful in explaining the geographically partitioned variation in morphology seen on the population scale. The objectives of this study were to assess the population structure and gene flow patterns among migratory sandhill cranes using microsatellite DNA genotypes and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of a large sample of individuals across three populations. In particular, we were interested in evaluating the roles of Pleistocene glaciation events and postglaciation gene flow in shaping the present-day population structure. Our results indicate substantial gene flow across regions of the Midcontinental population that are geographically adjacent, suggesting that gene flow for most of the region follows an isolation-by-distance model. Male-mediated gene flow and strong female philopatry may explain the differing patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial variation. Taken in context with precise geographical information on breeding locations, the morphologic and microsatellite DNA variation shows a gradation from the Arctic-nesting subspecies G. c. canadensis to the nonArctic subspecies G. c. tabida. Analogous to other Arctic-nesting birds, it is probable that the population structure seen in Midcontinental sandhill cranes reflects the result of postglacial secondary contact. Our data suggest that subspecies of migratory sandhills experience significant gene flow and therefore do not represent distinct and independent genetic entities. 相似文献
50.
Christopher G. Langendorf Trevor L. G. Key Gustavo Fenalti Wan-Ting Kan Ashley M. Buckle Tom Caradoc-Davies Kellie L. Tuck Ruby H. P. Law James C. Whisstock 《PloS one》2010,5(2)