全文获取类型
收费全文 | 570篇 |
免费 | 56篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 8篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 9篇 |
2018年 | 9篇 |
2016年 | 9篇 |
2015年 | 22篇 |
2014年 | 17篇 |
2013年 | 18篇 |
2012年 | 34篇 |
2011年 | 31篇 |
2010年 | 20篇 |
2009年 | 20篇 |
2008年 | 27篇 |
2007年 | 25篇 |
2006年 | 32篇 |
2005年 | 18篇 |
2004年 | 27篇 |
2003年 | 27篇 |
2002年 | 15篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 9篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 15篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1966年 | 3篇 |
1958年 | 3篇 |
1949年 | 4篇 |
1920年 | 4篇 |
1902年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有626条查询结果,搜索用时 17 毫秒
561.
Dietary phosphate has profound effects on growth and renal handling of the compound. On the basis of changes in growth rate and food intake, after alterations in phosphate load, our laboratory previously suggested that these effects are mediated by intestinal signals (Landsman A, Lichtstein D, Bacaner M, and Ilani A. Br J Nutr 86: 217-223, 2001). The aim of this study was to further evaluate the role of dietary phosphate on food intake and appetite and specific organ growth, and to test for the presence of a serum factor that may affect renal phosphate handling in phosphate-resupplied rats. The experimental design was based on a comparison between groups of rats receiving identical low-phosphate diets but drinking water containing either phosphate or chloride. We show that 1) changes in food intake after alterations in phosphate load occurred in parallel with variations in digestive system distention, suggesting that dietary phosphate has also a direct effect on appetite; 2) dietary phosphate-dependent growth has a specific effect on the growth of liver and epididymal fat; and 3) serum of rats supplied with phosphate contains a factor that inhibits sodium-dependent phosphate transport in a model of renal proximal tubule cells. Collectively, these observations are in accord with the hypothesis that factor(s) emanating from the digestive system in response to dietary phosphate load may be involved in growth, appetite and renal handling of phosphate. 相似文献
562.
563.
Kozlowska JL Ahmad AR Jahesh E Cutter AD 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2012,66(4):1180-1195
The process of speciation is key to the origins of biodiversity, and yet the Caenorhabditis nematode model system has contributed little to this topic. Genetic studies of speciation in the genus are now feasible, owing to crosses between the recently discovered Caenorhabditis sp. 9 and the well-known C. briggsae producing fertile F(1) hybrid females. We dissected patterns of postzygotic reproductive isolation between these species by crossing eight isogenic strains of C. briggsae reciprocally with six strains of C. sp. 9. We determined that overall patterns of reproductive isolation are robust across these genetic backgrounds. However, we also quantified significant heritable variation within each species for interspecific hybrid incompatibilities for total adult progeny, egg-to-adult viability, and the percentage of male progeny. This demonstrates that intraspecific variation for interspecific hybrid incompatibility occurs despite extensive, albeit incomplete, reproductive isolation. Therefore, this emerging general phenomenon of variable reproductive isolation is not restricted to highly interfertile, early-stage incipient species, but also applies to species in the latest stages of the speciation process. Furthermore, we confirm Haldane's rule and demonstrate strongly asymmetric parent-of-origin effects (Darwin's corollary) that consistently manifest more extremely when hermaphroditic C. briggsae serves as maternal parent. These findings highlight Caenorhabditis as an emerging system for understanding the genetics of general patterns of reproductive isolation. 相似文献
564.
One possible treatment for cerebral aneurysms is a porous tubular structure, similar to a stent, called a flow diverter. A flow diverter can be placed across the neck of a cerebral aneurysm to induce the cessation of flow and initiate the formation of an intra-aneurysmal thrombus. This excludes the aneurysm from the parent artery and returns the flow of blood to normal. Previous flow diverting devices have been analyzed to determine optimal characteristics, such as braiding angle and wire diameter. From this information, a new optimized device was designed to achieve equivalent hemodynamic performance to the previous best device, but with better longitudinal flexibility to preserve physiological arterial configuration. The new device was tested in vitro in an elastomeric replica of the rabbit elastase induced aneurysm model and is now in the process of being tested in vivo. Particle image velocimetry was utilized to determine the velocity field in the plane of symmetry of the model under pulsatile flow conditions. Device hemodynamic performance indices such as the hydrodynamic circulation were evaluated from the velocity fields. Comparison of these indices with the previous best device and a control shows that the significant design changes of the device did not change its hemodynamic attributes (p?>?0.05). 相似文献
565.
Benjamin M. J. Owens Lynette Beattie John W. J. Moore Najmeeyah Brown Jason L. Mann Jane E. Dalton Asher Maroof Paul M. Kaye 《PLoS pathogens》2012,8(7)
IL-10 is a critical regulatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani and clinical and experimental data indicate that disease progression is associated with expanded numbers of CD4+ IFNγ+ T cells committed to IL-10 production. Here, combining conditional cell-specific depletion with adoptive transfer, we demonstrate that only conventional CD11chi DCs that produce both IL-10 and IL-27 are capable of inducing IL-10-producing Th1 cells in vivo. In contrast, CD11chi as well as CD11cint/lo cells isolated from infected mice were capable of reversing the host protective effect of diphtheria toxin-mediated CD11c+ cell depletion. This was reflected by increased splenomegaly, inhibition of NO production and increased parasite burden. Thus during chronic infection, multiple CD11c+ cell populations can actively suppress host resistance and enhance immunopathology, through mechanisms that do not necessarily involve IL-10-producing Th1 cells. 相似文献
566.
Hautier L Stansfield FJ Allen WR Asher RJ 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2012,279(1736):2188-2195
We provide here unique data on elephant skeletal ontogeny. We focus on the sequence of cranial and post-cranial ossification events during growth in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Previous analyses on ossification sequences in mammals have focused on monotremes, marsupials, boreoeutherian and xenarthran placentals. Here, we add data on ossification sequences in an afrotherian. We use two different methods to quantify sequence heterochrony: the sequence method and event-paring/Parsimov. Compared with other placentals, elephants show late ossifications of the basicranium, manual and pedal phalanges, and early ossifications of the ischium and metacarpals. Moreover, ossification in elephants starts very early and progresses rapidly. Specifically, the elephant exhibits the same percentage of bones showing an ossification centre at the end of the first third of its gestation period as the mouse and hamster have close to birth. Elephants show a number of features of their ossification patterns that differ from those of other placental mammals. The pattern of the initiation of the ossification evident in the African elephant underscores a possible correlation between the timing of ossification onset and gestation time throughout mammals. 相似文献
567.
568.
Guiomar Liste Lucy Asher Donald M. Broom 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2014,120(12):1199-1206
Choice tests have been widely used to assess animal preferences. In the case of group‐living species, these tests are commonly presented to animals in groups, because isolation can have strong effects on behaviour and motivation. However, assessing preference at the group level could be misleading if strong control of movement, through influential individuals, and group cohesion were present. The needs of majority of the population might not be properly represented by the test results. The current study investigated whether or not groups of ducks (four ducklings per group) have individuals that consistently initiate movement and considered the implications for group cohesion, synchronisation and a measure of preference during a choice test. In all groups included in the analyses, there were ducks that initiated more movements than the rest, and this trend was stronger when leading towards areas providing resources such as pools. Also, more ducks preferentially followed the first initiator (birds initiating most movements within a group) into the bathing area. Group cohesion was higher in groups that frequently had the same individual initiating movement. The number of followers following the ducks that initiated most movements was associated with the measure of preference (time spent at preferred area, as a proportion of total time spent at any area) but the number of movements initiated by these individuals was not. These results highlight the need to consider the effects of initiators and group‐cohesive forces when conducting choice tests in groups of animals. 相似文献
569.
Keren Maor‐Landaw Sarit Karako‐Lampert Hiba Waldman Ben‐Asher Stefano Goffredo Giuseppe Falini Zvy Dubinsky Oren Levy 《Global Change Biology》2014,20(10):3026-3035
During the past several decades, corals worldwide have been affected by severe bleaching events leading to wide‐spread coral mortality triggered by global warming. The symbiotic Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata from the Gulf of Eilat is considered an opportunistic ‘r’ strategist. It can thrive in relatively unstable environments and is considered a stress‐tolerant species. Here, we used a S. pistillata custom microarray to examine gene expression patterns and cellular pathways during short‐term (13‐day) heat stress. The results allowed us to identify a two‐step reaction to heat stress, which intensified significantly as the temperature was raised to a 32 °C threshold, beyond which, coping strategies failed at 34 °C. We identified potential ‘early warning genes’ and ‘severe heat‐related genes’. Our findings suggest that during short‐term heat stress, S. pistillata may divert cellular energy into mechanisms such as the ER‐unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER‐associated degradation (ERAD) at the expense of growth and biomineralization processes in an effort to survive and subsequently recover from the stress. We suggest a mechanistic theory for the heat stress responses that may explain the success of some species which can thrive under a wider range of temperatures relative to others. 相似文献
570.