Short-day experience is not a prerequisite for the termination of photorefractoriness in the reproductive cycle of baya weaver,Ploceus philippinus

In most photoperiodic avian forms (irrespective of temperate or tropical distribution) including the baya weaver,Ploceus philippinus, seasonal reproduction comes to an end due to the development of a photoperiodically controlled photorefractory phase when birds cease to respond to the stimulatory effect of long days. In the present paper photoperiodic control of the termination of photorefractory phase has been examined by studying the effect of short-day exposure lasting 4–6 months on long-day response of birds. Results indicate that unlike in other photoperiodic birds short-day exposure of winter is not a prerequisite for the termination of photorefractory phase in the reproductive cycle of baya weaver. Artificial long days on the other hand hasten the termination of this phase. Refractory phase in baya weaver, therefore, unlike that in temperate forms, is a temporary state resulting most likely from a sequel of physiological events triggered by long days of spring/summer which temporarily mask the photostimulatory response. Spontaneous termination of photorefractoriness in birds of tropical habitats may have a selective value imparting to the reproductive cycle the necessary elasticity for adaptation to diverse ecological conditions.     

Plant regeneration in a jute species (C. capsularis) and its possible relationship with glyoxalase-I

Summary The addition of 3 mg/l of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) to BAP and tyrosine fortified MS medium was essential to obtain organogenic callus from the hypocotyl segments of two varieties (D-154 and CVL-1) of Corchorus capsularis — one of the two jute species. When the organogenic callus, which is rich in large starch granules, was transferred to MS basal medium, it differentiated into single or multiple shoots usually in the first subculture and sometimes in the second. The activity of glyoxalase-I of the organogenic callus was found to be significantly lower than that observed in the nonorganogenic callus initiated on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D, tyrosine, BAP or just BAP and tyrosine. This suggests an inverse relationship between differentiation and the level of glyoxalase-I activity in the two varieties of C. capsularis jute.Abbreviations BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - CVL 1 Corchorus capsularis var. CVL-1 - D-154 C. capsularis var. D 154 - O-4 C. olitorius var. O-4 - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - NDGA nordihydroguaiaretic acid - tyr tyrosine     

Histomorphological Changes in the Reproductive Tract of Female Hemiechinus auritus collaris,Gray in Relation to the Estrous Cycle

The average length of the estrous period is 7.9 days in Hemiechinus auritus collaris. Follicular development takes place cyclically. Maximum atresia of follicles is noticed during metestrus. The corpus luteum is formed by the shrinkage of the remaining granulosa cells of the ovulated follicle. Maximum development of the corpus luteum is seen during the pregnancy. Histological changes in the uterus and vagina during the estrous cycle are described. There is a marked rise in the weight of the uterus and ovary during the proestrus phase of the cycle. The estrus phase is characterized by the signs of degeneration in the uterine epithelium. During metestrus degeneration and regeneration proceed together. Secretory activity is at a minimum and the lumina of the glands are empty during diestrus.     

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS GYMNOGAMA AND THE CONCEPT OF A PLANT CELL WALL PROTEIN

Cell walls of Chlamydomonas gymnogama, shed during sexual mating, were collected and analyzed. Ultrastructural examination indicates that the walls are free of cytoplasmic contamination and that they exhibit a regular lamellate structure. The walls are composed of glycoprotein rich in hydroxyproline. The hydroxyproline is linked glycosidically to a mixture of heterooligosaccharides composed of arabinose and galactose. Altogether, the glycoprotein complex accounts for at least 32% of the wall. The amino acid composition of the walls is extraordinarily similar in widely different plant species. The implications of these similarities as well as the widespread occurrence of these glycoproteins are discussed.     

Fluorescence banding pattern of the chromosomes of Microtus agrestis with a benzimidazol derivative

Summary The fluorescent banding pattern of the chromosomes of Microtus agrestis following staining with a benzimidazol derivative (Hoechst 33258) has been studied. All chromosomes allow easy identification because of their characteristic longitudinal differentiation. The X chromosomes of both sexes show intense fluorescence of the long arm and of a small proximal segment of the short arm, while the rest of the short arm reveals banding patterns. In the Y chromosome, the very short arm is nonfluorescent and the entire long arm shows bright fluorescence. Examination of the interphase nuclei of cultured fibroblasts suggests that the facultative and the constitutive heterochromatin fluoresce intensely only when strongly condensed. In contrast to some other species, in which heterochromatic chromosomal segments show a characteristic staining behaviour, i.e. either positive or negative, with the fluorochrome benzimidazol derivative, this compound behaves rather indifferently in the case of the heterochromatic contents in Microtus agrestis. The staining effects of the benzimidazol dye have also been compared with the various Giemsa and the Quinacrine staining techniques.

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Zusammenfassung Bei Verwendung des Benzimidazol-Derivat Hoechst 33 258 läßt sich an den Chromosomen von Microtus agrestis ein Fluorescenz-Bandenmuster beobachten, das an den Autosomen eine Identifizierung der einzelnen Elemente ermöglicht. Die X-Chromosomen beider Geschlechter weisen eine starke Fluorescenz des linken Arms und eines kleinen proximalen Segments des kurzen Arms auf, während der übrige kurze Arm ein Bandenmuster zeigt. Am Y-Chromosom ist der gesamte lange Arm hell fluorescierend, sein sehr kleiner kurzer Arm bleibt ungefärbt. Die Untersuchung von Interphasekernen in vitro kultivierter Fibroblasten spricht dafür, daß die Fluorescenz des konstitutiven und fakultativen Heterochromatins überwiegend auf seiner etwas stärkeren Kondensation beruht. Während das Benzimidazol-Derivat bei andren Species das konstitutive Chromatin elektiv entweder durch positive oder durch negative Fluorescenz darstellt, verhält es sich bei Microtus agrestis indifferent.

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Supported by Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.     

Prolactin-induced gain in body weight in relation to caloric intake and energy expenditure in spotted munia

Prolactin, which induced significant gain in body weight and in the weight of the cervical and abdominal fat deposits had no effect on daily total food intake in spotted munia. The hormone changed the feeding pattern from a modal type to almost continuous feeding, increased whole body oxygen consumption of the birds, and had no effect on total hopping index. Prolactin-induced fattening, therefore seems due to neither an increased caloric intake, nor a decreased metabolic expenditure, but probably reflects better utilization of food.