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151.
A transgenic approach to understanding the influence of carbonic anhydrase on C18OO discrimination during C4 photosynthesis 下载免费PDF全文
The oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric CO(2) is an important signal that helps distinguish between ecosystem photosynthetic and respiratory processes. In C(4) plants the carbonic anhydrase (CA)-catalyzed interconversion of CO(2) and bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)) is an essential first reaction for C(4) photosynthesis but also plays an important role in the CO(2)-H(2)O exchange of oxygen as it enhances the rate of isotopic equilibrium between CO(2) and water. The C(4) dicot Flaveria bidentis containing genetically reduced levels of leaf CA (CA(leaf)) has been used to test whether changing leaf CA activity influences online measurements of C(18)OO discrimination (Delta(18)O) and the proportion of CO(2) in isotopic equilibrium with leaf water at the site of oxygen exchange (theta). The Delta(18)O in wild-type F. bidentis, which contains high levels of CA relative to the rates of net CO(2) assimilation, was less than predicted by models of Delta(18)O. Additionally, Delta(18)O was sensitive to small decreases in CA(leaf). However, reduced CA activity in F. bidentis had little effect on net CO(2) assimilation, transpiration rates (E), and stomatal conductance (g(s)) until CA levels were less than 20% of wild type. The values of theta determined from measurements of Delta(18)O and the (18)O isotopic composition of leaf water at the site of evaporation (delta(e)) were low in the wild-type F. bidentis and decreased in transgenic plants with reduced levels of CA activity. Measured values of theta were always significantly lower than the values of theta predicted from in vitro CA activity and gas exchange. The data presented here indicates that CA content in a C(4) leaf may not represent the CA activity associated with the CO(2)-H(2)O oxygen exchange and therefore may not be a good predictor of theta during C(4) photosynthesis. Furthermore, uncertainties in the isotopic composition of water at the site of exchange may also limit the ability to accurately predict theta in C(4) plants. 相似文献
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Kenji Shibuya and coauthors discuss the potential contribution of East Asian countries to global health in the light of COVID-19.Summary points
- East Asia, comprising the 10 ASEAN countries, China, Japan, and the countries of the Korean peninsula, has achieved comparatively good outcomes during the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
- This can be explained by sociological imprinting of and learning from past outbreaks, as well as competent governance.
- Concomitantly, East Asian nations have also been expanding capacity in global health development and diplomatic outreach, although there is as yet no coherent regional bloc vision, shared strategy, or a common set of operating principles, thus limiting synergistic impact.
- We believe that concrete next steps to bolster cooperation and extend influence could include the establishment of an East Asian Center for Disease Control, joint work in health and human security by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank, and a region-wide research funding programme.
- Much, however, depends on evolving geopolitics writ large, notably the instability and reorientation of global alliances, which have the potential to adversely affect relations between neighbouring East Asian member states.
- Health diplomacy for global human security has the potential to become a stabilising influence and can be a topic around which all actors can more comfortably rally.
155.
Ethylene biosynthesis in leaf discs of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi), as measured by the conversion of L-[3,4-14 C]-methionine to 14 C2 H4 , was markedly inhibited by exogenous ethylene. This inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in total (free + conjugated) content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), most of which appeared in its conjugated inactive form. The autoinhibitory effect of ethylene was reversible and could be relieved by Ag+ . The Ag+ -treated leaf discs, with or without ethylene, contained only free ACC at an increased level. The results suggest that in tobacco leaves, the autoinhibition of ethylene production resulted from reduction in the availability of free ACC, through both suppression of ACC formation and increased ACC conjugation. 相似文献
156.
Extensive bioinformatics analysis suggests that the stability and function of protein complexes are maintained throughout evolution by coordinated changes (co‐evolution) of complex subunits. Yet, relatively little is known regarding the actual dynamics of such processes and the functional implications of co‐evolution within protein complexes, since most of the bioinformatics predictions were not analyzed experimentally. Here, we describe a systematic experimental approach that allows a step‐by‐step observation of the co‐evolution process in protein complexes. The exosome complex, an essential complex exhibiting a 3′→5′ RNA degradation activity, served as a model system. In this study, we show that exosome subunits diverged very early during fungal evolution. Interestingly, we found that despite significant differences in conservation between Rrp41 and Mtr3 both subunits exhibit similar divergence pattern and co‐evolutionary behavior through fungi evolution. Activity analysis of mutated exosomes exposes another layer of co‐evolution between the core subunits and RNA substrates. Overall, our approach allows the experimental analysis of co‐evolution within protein complexes and together with bioinformatics analysis can significantly deepen our understanding of the evolution of these complexes. Proteins 2013; 81:1997–2006. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Moing A Aharoni A Biais B Rogachev I Meir S Brodsky L Allwood JW Erban A Dunn WB Kay L de Koning S de Vos RC Jonker H Mumm R Deborde C Maucourt M Bernillon S Gibon Y Hansen TH Husted S Goodacre R Kopka J Schjoerring JK Rolin D Hall RD 《The New phytologist》2011,190(3):683-696
? Variations in tissue development and spatial composition have a major impact on the nutritional and organoleptic qualities of ripe fleshy fruit, including melon (Cucumis melo). To gain a deeper insight into the mechanisms involved in these changes, we identified key metabolites for rational food quality design. ? The metabolome, volatiles and mineral elements were profiled employing an unprecedented range of complementary analytical technologies. Fruits were followed at a number of time points during the final ripening process and tissues were collected across the fruit flesh from rind to seed cavity. Approximately 2000 metabolite signatures and 15 mineral elements were determined in an assessment of temporal and spatial melon fruit development. ? This study design enabled the identification of: coregulated hubs (including aspartic acid, 2-isopropylmalic acid, β-carotene, phytoene and dihydropseudoionone) in metabolic association networks; global patterns of coordinated compositional changes; and links of primary and secondary metabolism to key mineral and volatile fruit complements. ? The results reveal the extent of metabolic interactions relevant to ripe fruit quality and thus have enabled the identification of essential candidate metabolites for the high-throughput screening of melon breeding populations for targeted breeding programmes aimed at nutrition and flavour improvement. 相似文献
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Balasaheb V. Sonawane Asaph B. Cousins 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,103(4):1590-1602
Breeding economically important C4 crops for enhanced whole‐plant water‐use efficiency (WUEplant) is needed for sustainable agriculture. WUEplant is a complex trait and an efficient phenotyping method that reports on components of WUEplant, such as intrinsic water‐use efficiency (WUEi, the rate of leaf CO2 assimilation relative to water loss via stomatal conductance), is needed. In C4 plants, theoretical models suggest that leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C), when the efficiency of the CO2‐concentrating mechanism (leakiness, ?) remains constant, can be used to screen for WUEi. The limited information about how ? responds to water limitations confines the application of δ13C for WUEi screening of C4 crops. The current research aimed to test the response of ? to short‐ or long‐term moderate water limitations, and the relationship of δ13C with WUEi and WUEplant, by addressing potential mesophyll CO2 conductance (gm) and biochemical limitations in the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor. We demonstrate that gm and ? are not responsive to short‐ or long‐term water limitations. Additionally, δ13C was not correlated with gas‐exchange estimates of WUEi under short‐ and long‐term water limitations, but showed a significant negative relationship with WUEplant. The observed association between the δ13C and WUEplant suggests an intrinsic link of δ13C with WUEi in this C4 plant, and can potentially be used as a screening tool for WUEplant in sorghum. 相似文献
160.
Jesse D. Cushman Daniel B. Aharoni Bernard Willers Pascal Ravassard Ashley Kees Cliff Vuong Briana Popeney Katsushi Arisaka Mayank R. Mehta 《PloS one》2013,8(11)
Understanding of adaptive behavior requires the precisely controlled presentation of multisensory stimuli combined with simultaneous measurement of multiple behavioral modalities. Hence, we developed a virtual reality apparatus that allows for simultaneous measurement of reward checking, a commonly used measure in associative learning paradigms, and navigational behavior, along with precisely controlled presentation of visual, auditory and reward stimuli. Rats performed a virtual spatial navigation task analogous to the Morris maze where only distal visual or auditory cues provided spatial information. Spatial navigation and reward checking maps showed experience-dependent learning and were in register for distal visual cues. However, they showed a dissociation, whereby distal auditory cues failed to support spatial navigation but did support spatially localized reward checking. These findings indicate that rats can navigate in virtual space with only distal visual cues, without significant vestibular or other sensory inputs. Furthermore, they reveal the simultaneous dissociation between two reward-driven behaviors. 相似文献