Trichloracetonitrile as a fumigant

The comparative toxicities of trichloracetonitrile to various insects infesting stored products and houses have been determined. The toxicity is increased by the addition of 10% or more of carbon dioxide. In the fumigation of bulk wheat trichloracetonitrile compares favourably with ethylene oxide. Its phytocidal action on seed wheat at doses which might be used in practice is not serious and the vitamin B, and riboflavin contents of wheat are not affected. The possibility of fumigating dried fruit with trichloracetonitrile has been demonstrated. Trichloracetonitrile is highly phytocidal to growing plants.     

Pathogenicity of clinical Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates from Thailand in a mouse colitis model

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium [STM]) is a leading cause of nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) worldwide. The pathogenesis of NTS has been studied extensively using a streptomycin-pretreated mouse colitis model with the limited numbers of laboratory STM strains. However, the pathogenicity of the clinically isolated STM (STMC) strains endemic in Thailand in mice has not been explored. The aim of this study was to compare the pathogenicity of STMC strains collected from Northern Thailand with the laboratory STM (IR715) in mice. Five STMC isolates were obtained from the stool cultures of patients with acute NTS admitted to Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital in 2016 and 2017. Detection of virulence genes and sequence type (ST) of the strains was performed. Female C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with streptomycin sulfate 1 day prior to oral infection with STM. On Day 4 postinfection, mice were euthanized, and tissues were collected to analyze the bacterial numbers, tissue inflammation, and cecal histopathological score. We found that all five STMC strains are ST34 and conferred the same or reduced pathogenicity compared with that of IR715 in mice. A strain-specific effect of ST34 on mouse gut colonization was also observed. Thailand STM ST34 exhibited a significant attenuated systemic infection in mice possibly due to the lack of spvABC-containing virulence plasmid.     

Genetic variation assessment of acid lime accessions collected from south of Iran using SSR and ISSR molecular markers

Iran has a long history of acid lime cultivation and propagation. In this study, genetic variation in 28 acid lime accessions from five regions of south of Iran, and their relatedness with other 19 citrus cultivars were analyzed using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Nine primers for SSR and nine ISSR primers were used for allele scoring. In total, 49 SSR and 131 ISSR polymorphic alleles were detected. Cluster analysis of SSR and ISSR data showed that most of the acid lime accessions (19 genotypes) have hybrid origin and genetically distance with nucellar of Mexican lime (9 genotypes). As nucellar of Mexican lime are susceptible to phytoplasma, these acid lime genotypes can be used to evaluate their tolerance against biotic constricts like lime “witches’ broom disease”.     

Cephalic vasomotor feedback in the modification of migraine headache

The effect of cephalic vasomotor response (CVMR) and frontalis electromyographic (EMG) feedback on control of temporal arterial vasoconstriction and frontalis muscle activity in migraine and muscle contraction headache patients was investigated. A single subject multiple baseline design (across subjects and responses) was introduced to evaluate (1) patterning in the two physiological systems and (2) the effects of CVMR and EMG feedback on headache activity. The data indicated that (a) all four patients demonstrated an ability to control CVMR activity during CVMR feedback and EMG during EMG feedback, (b) idiosyncratic patterns of physiological activity emerge during feedback training, and (c) learned control of the pain mechanism for muscle contraction and migraine headaches was related to reduced frequency and duration of these headaches.Portions of this paper were presented at the Ninth Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Francisco, 1975.