Studies of potential filaricides: Part 14--Activity of 1-iso-butoxycarbonyl-4-methylpiperazine against experimental filariasis

The synthesis and filaricidal activity of 1-iso-butoxycarbonyl-4-methylpiperazine against Litomosoides carinii in Sigmodon hispidus and Dipetalonema viteae in Mastomys natalensis is reported. At an intraperitoneal or oral dose of 3 mg/kg given for 6 days, the compound removed 91% of the circulating microfilariae but had no effect on adult L. carinii. However, it killed all microfilariae and adults of D. viteae at a subcutaneous dose of 50 mg/kg given for 6 days. The compound also possessed chemoprophylactic activity against the larvae of L. carinii and D. viteae at a dose of 30 and 50 mg/kg respectively.     

The interaction of hemoglobin with the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 of the human erythrocyte membrane

Previous studies point to the acidic amino-terminal segment of band 3, the anion transport protein of the red cell, as the common binding site for hemoglobin and several of the glycolytic enzymes to the erythrocyte membrane. We now report on the interaction of hemoglobin with the synthetic peptide AcM-E-E-L-Q-D-D-Y-E-D-E, corresponding to the first 11 residues of band 3, and with the entire 43,000-Da cytoplasmic domain of the protein. In the presence of increasing concentrations of the peptide, the oxygen binding curve for hemoglobin is shifted progressively to the right, indicating that the peptide binds preferentially to deoxyhemoglobin. The dissociation constant for the deoxyhemoglobin-peptide complex at pH 7.2 in the presence of 100 mM NaCl is 0.31 mM. X-ray crystallographic studies were carried out to determine the exact mode of binding of the peptide to deoxyhemoglobin. The difference electron density map of the deoxyhemoglobin-peptide complex at 5 A resolution showed that the binding site extends deep (approximately 18 A) into the central cavity between the beta chains, along the dyad symmetry axis, and includes Arg 104 beta 1 and Arg 104 beta 2 as well as most of the basic residues within the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate binding site. The peptide appears to have an extended conformation with only 5 to 7 of the 11 residues in contact with hemoglobin. In agreement with the crystallographic studies, binding of the peptide to deoxyhemoglobin was blocked by cross-linking the beta chains at the entrance to the central cavity. Oxygen equilibrium studies showed that the isolated cytoplasmic fragment of band 3 also binds preferentially to deoxyhemoglobin. The binding of the 43,000-Da fragment to hemoglobin was inhibited in the cross-linked derivative indicating that the acidic amino-terminal residues in the intact cytoplasmic domain also bind within the central cavity of the hemoglobin tetramer.     

Ultrasonic radiation induced lipid peroxidation in liposomal membrane

Summary Ultrasonic radiation produced a dose dependent linear increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA formation) in the liposomal membrane. The yield of MDA was significantly inhibited by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), the antioxidant, sodium formate, the OH radical scavenger, and EDTA, the metal ion chelator. Ascorbic acid at low concentration increased the ultrasonic induced MDA formation while high concentrations inhibited lipid peroxidation. A mechanism of ultrasound induced lipid peroxidation is suggested.     

Use of bacteriophage-resistant mutants to study the nature of the bacteriophage receptor site of Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteriophage-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus H were isolated after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Cell walls isolated from about half of these resistant strains were incapable of inactivating phages and were shown to lack N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in their cell wall teichoic acid. Apart from the lack of GlcNAc, two of these mutant strains were deficient in cell wall phosphorus and ester-linked d-alanine. These two strains were also found to be resistant to both phage K and a host-range mutant isolated from the parent phage. These two phages could lyse the other phage-resistant mutants which lacked GlcNAc in their teichoic acid. Cell walls from the remaining phage-resistant mutant strains did inactivate phages and were found to have normal cell wall teichoic acid. Although GlcNAc in teichoic acid was required for phage inactivation, no difference in phage inactivation ability was detected with cell walls isolated from strains of S. aureus having exclusively alpha- or exclusively beta-linked GlcNAc in their cell wall teichoic acid.     

The influence of dietary protein on ascorbic acid metabolism in rats

1. d-Glucuronolactone reductase, l-gulonolactone oxidase, uronolactonase, dehydroascorbatase, l-gulonate dehydrogenase and l-gulonate decarboxylase have been measured in the tissues of rats fed on diets containing variable amounts of protein. Rats fed on a protein-free or a 2% casein diet for 15 days showed a marked decline in the activities of d-glucuronolactone reductase, l-gulonolactone oxidase, uronolactonase and dehydroascorbatase in the liver, and no change in l-gulonate dehydrogenase and l-gulonate decarboxylase activities in the kidney when compared with rats fed on diets containing 9%, 18% or 25% casein. Giving diets containing 60% or 88% casein to rats did not appreciably alter the activities of uronolactonase, dehydroascorbatase, l-gulonate dehydrogenase and l-gulonate decarboxylase, but inhibited considerably the activities of d-glucuronolactone reductase and l-gulonolactone oxidase in the liver, resulting in decreased synthesis of ascorbic acid. 2. Rats fed on a 25% casein diet showed maximal weight gain, higher tissue reserve of ascorbic acid and higher urinary excretion of both ascorbic acid and glucuronic acid when compared with rats fed on diets containing lower or higher amounts of protein.     

Simultaneous triple-immunogold staining of virus and host cell antigens with monoclonal antibodies of virus and host cell antigens in ultrathin cryosections

Summary The mechanism of intracellular maturation and sorting of herpes simplex virus type I glycoproteins is not known in details. To elucidate the intracellular sorting of viral glycoproteins and their possible interaction with the cytoskeleton, a method for simultaneous immunogold staining of three antigens in ultrathin cryosections is described. Each antigen is stained by an indirect technique using mouse monoclonal IgG as first layer, rabbit antimouse IgG as second and gold-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG as third layer antibody. After each staining cycle the paraformaldehyde vapour at 80° C for 30 min. This destroys the free antigen combining sites of the second and the third layer IgG and abolish contaminating staining. Simultaneous triple-staining is documented with three mouse monoclonal antisera specific for 1) herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein C, 2) glycoprotein D and 3) - and -tubulin as primary antibodies. Labelling for virus glycoproteins was found in some Golgi vesicles and close to the cytoplasmic microtubules as well as on the cell surface and on intracytoplasmic and extracellular virus particles.Presented in part at the 9th European Congress on Electron Microscopy, York, England, September 4–9, 1988