CINERADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE NORMAL CERVICAL SPINE

By considering the cervical spine as several segments with relatively different motions, an understanding of the total possible motions of the cervical spine can be more easily attained.Reversal of the cervical lordosis is a normal part of the flexion action and can result from positioning of the patient for radiographic studies.The effect of standing or sitting postures, and methods of initiating flexion of the neck should be considered in the evaluation of routine flexion and extension studies.Evaluation of individual cervical segments may be accomplished by the use of different methods of initiating flexion.     

NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF ANASTOMOTIC OPERATIONS—With Special Reference to the Sprue Syndrome

Necessary but radical operation which results in short-circuits between various levels of the digestive tract, with or without resections of portions of the esophagus, stomach or intestine, frequently cures the condition for which the operation was done, but leaves the patient with difficult nutritional problems. These nutritional disturbances are usually associated with inability to maintain or gain weight as a result of badly regulated movement of food material through the altered digestive tract, and by the removal or diversion of important digestive secretions, such as those elaborated by the stomach, pancreas, duodenum and small bowel.Increased intestinal rate and diminished specific gastrointestinal secretions reduce the ability of the small bowel to properly absorb food, with resulting malnutrition, deficiency disease, and at times specific avitaminosis. Inability to absorb fat and fat-soluble substances is a constant feature of these conditions. Successful treatment of the nutritional problems involves constant, prolonged overfeeding of nonbulky foods, usually given in regular, frequently administered meals of small volume. Vitamin concentrates may occasionally be of some temporary assistance but are not needed if a balanced diet is given and may cause undesirable and sometimes dangerous symptoms. The use of supplemental substances, such as liver extract and a wetting agent, such as “Tween 80,” to improve fat absorption have been demonstrated to be of value.The postoperative conditions described are fairly similar to the condition known as sprue, and it is possible that the general principles underlying the treatment of this disease apply to the entire group of post-operative nutritional disturbances alluded to.     

WHAT'S NEW IN GASTROENTEROLOGY

The philosophy of treatment in eclampsia cannot rest upon the principle of combatting every symptom with many therapeutic weapons until the symptom, and occasionally the patient, fades away. It should rest rather upon assisting the maternal organism to keep its own compensatory efforts within the bounds of safety, preventing damage to vital organs where possible, and removing the cause of the disease by termination of the pregnancy whenever that may be done with safety to both mother and child. Such assistance must necessarily be based upon current understanding of the disturbances which underlie each symptom.