Fluorescent Tags in Biology: Three-Dimensional Structure

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - Fluorescent tags of various natures are widely used in cell biology for visualization and study processes in living organisms including gene expression,...     

Characterization of biodegradable cell micro and macro carriers based on recombinant spidroin

Gels, microgels, and matrices were prepared based on a previously developed recombinant spidroin, 1F9, produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain; their physical, chemical, and biological properties were investigated. It was shown that microgels obtained from 2.5% hydrogel are sized in the range of 50–300 μm, with a predominance of particles of 50–150 μm in diameter. The microgel particles were stable in neutral, acidic, and alkaline media; the destruction of 50% (wt.) of the particles occurred in corrosive media (Fenton’s reagent) within three weeks. The microgel surface, which was studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, has a complex relief in which there are both nano-(250–400 nm) and microstructures (3–7 μm). It was shown that particles of both microgel and matrices are capable of adhesion and support the proliferation of 3T3 murine fibroblasts in vitro.     

Inhibition of herpes simplex virus helicase UL9 by netropsin derivatives and antiviral activities of bis-netropsins

Data obtained show that antiviral activities of bis-linked netropsin derivatives are targeted by specific complexes formed by helicase UL9 of herpes simplex virus type 1 with viral DNA replication origins, represented by two OriS sites and one OriL site. According to the results of footprinting studies bis-netropsins get bound selectively to an A+T-cluster which separates interaction sites I and II for helicase UL9 in OriS. Upon binding to DNA bis-netropsins stabilize a structure of the A+T-cluster and inhibit thermal fluctuation-induced opening of AT- base pairs which is needed for local unwinding of DNA by helicase UL9. Kinetics of ATP-dependent DNA unwinding in the presence and absence of Pt-bis-netropsin are studied by measuring the efficiency of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the fluorescent probes attached covalently to 3?- and 5?-ends of the oligonucleotides in the minimal OriS duplex. Pt-bis-netropsin and related molecules inhibit unwinding of OriS duplex by helicase UL9. Pt-bis-netropsin is also able to reduce the rate of unwinding of the AT- rich hairpin formed by the upper strand in the minimal OriS duplex. The antiviral activities and toxicity of bis-linked netropsin derivatives are studied in cell cultured experiments and experiments with animals infected by herpes virus.     

Inhibition of herpes simplex virus helicase UL9 by netropsin derivatives and antiviral activities of bis-netropsins

Data obtained show that antiviral activities of bis-linked netropsin derivatives are targeted by specific complexes formed by helicase UL9 of herpes simplex virus type 1 with viral DNA replication origins, represented by two OriS sites and one OriL site. According to the results of footprinting studies, bis-netropsins get bound selectively to an A + T cluster which separates interaction sites I and II for helicase UL9 in OriS. Upon binding to DNA, bis-netropsins stabilize a structure of the A + T cluster and inhibit thermal fluctuation-induced opening of AT base pairs which is needed for local unwinding of DNA by helicase UL9. Kinetics of ATP-dependent DNA unwinding in the presence and absence of Pt-bis-netropsin are studied by measuring the efficiency of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the fluorescent probes attached covalently to 3′- and 5′-ends of the oligonucleotides in the minimal OriS duplex. Pt-bis-netropsin and related molecules inhibit unwinding of OriS duplex by helicase UL9. Pt-bis-netropsin is also able to reduce the rate of unwinding of the AT-rich hairpin formed by the upper strand in the minimal OriS duplex. The antiviral activities and toxicity of bis-linked netropsin derivatives are studied in cell cultured experiments and experiments with animals infected by herpes virus.     

Immunocytochemical demonstration of M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes of rat diaphragm endplates

M(1)-muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (M(1)R) were directly demonstrated immunocytochemically in electronmicroscopic images of rat diaphragm neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). Specific electron-dense granules were located at presynaptic nerve ending membranes and in the sarcolemma in the depths of postsynaptic folds. This first visualization of M(1)R on both sides of the NMJ is in agreement with previous pharmacological data on the regulatory role of M(1)R in quantal and non-quantal ACh release.