全文获取类型
收费全文 | 313篇 |
免费 | 30篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 4篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2015年 | 20篇 |
2014年 | 19篇 |
2013年 | 20篇 |
2012年 | 20篇 |
2011年 | 21篇 |
2010年 | 12篇 |
2009年 | 9篇 |
2008年 | 6篇 |
2007年 | 9篇 |
2006年 | 22篇 |
2005年 | 9篇 |
2004年 | 13篇 |
2003年 | 15篇 |
2002年 | 10篇 |
2001年 | 8篇 |
2000年 | 6篇 |
1999年 | 7篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有344条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Arild Husby Takeshi Kawakami Lars R?nneg?rd Linnéa Smeds Hans Ellegren Anna Qvarnstr?m 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1806)
Understanding the genetic basis of traits involved in adaptation is a major
challenge in evolutionary biology but remains poorly understood. Here, we use
genome-wide association mapping using a custom 50 k single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) array in a natural population of collared flycatchers to
examine the genetic basis of clutch size, an important life-history trait in
many animal species. We found evidence for an association on chromosome 18 where
one SNP significant at the genome-wide level explained 3.9% of the
phenotypic variance. We also detected two suggestive quantitative trait loci
(QTLs) on chromosomes 9 and 26. Fitness differences among genotypes were
generally weak and not significant, although there was some indication of a
sex-by-genotype interaction for lifetime reproductive success at the suggestive
QTL on chromosome 26. This implies that sexual antagonism may play a role in
maintaining genetic variation at this QTL. Our findings provide candidate
regions for a classic avian life-history trait that will be useful for future
studies examining the molecular and cellular function of, as well as
evolutionary mechanisms operating at, these loci. 相似文献
32.
Changes in species composition of European acid grasslands observed along a gradient of nitrogen deposition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carly Stevens Cecilia Duprè Cassandre Gaudnik Edu Dorland Nancy Dise David Gowing Albert Bleeker Didier Alard Roland Bobbink David Fowler Vigdis Vandvik Emmanuel Corcket J. Owen Mountford Per Arild Aarrestad Serge Muller Martin Diekmann 《植被学杂志》2011,22(2):207-215
Question: Which environmental variables affect floristic species composition of acid grasslands in the Atlantic biogeographic region of Europe along a gradient of atmospheric N deposition? Location: Transect across the Atlantic biogeographic region of Europe including Ireland, Great Britain, Isle of Man, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Materials and Methods: In 153 acid grasslands we assessed plant and bryophyte species composition, soil chemistry (pH, base cations, metals, nitrate and ammonium concentrations, total C and N, and Olsen plant available phosphorus), climatic variables, N deposition and S deposition. Ordination and variation partitioning were used to determine the relative importance of different drivers on the species composition of the studied grasslands. Results: Climate, soil and deposition variables explained 24% of the total variation in species composition. Variance partitioning showed that soil variables explained the most variation in the data set and that climate and geographic variables accounted for slightly less variation. Deposition variables (N and S deposition) explained 9.8% of the variation in the ordination. Species positively associated with N deposition included Holcus mollis and Leontodon hispidus. Species negatively associated with N deposition included Agrostis curtisii, Leontodon autumnalis, Campanula rotundifolia and Hylocomium splendens. Conclusion: Although secondary to climate gradients and soil biogeochemistry, and not as strong as for species richness, the impact of N and S deposition on species composition can be detected in acid grasslands, influencing community composition both directly and indirectly, presumably through soil‐mediated effects. 相似文献
33.
34.
Thermoperiodic stem elongation involves transcriptional regulation of gibberellin deactivation in pea 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
The physiological basis of thermoperiodic stem elongation is as yet poorly understood. Thermoperiodic control of gibberellin (GA) metabolism has been suggested as an underlying mechanism. We have investigated the influence of different day and night temperature combinations on GA levels, and diurnal steady-state expression of genes involved in GA biosynthesis (LS, LH, NA, PSGA20ox1, and PsGA3ox1) and GA deactivation (PsGA2ox1 and PsGA2ox2), and related this to diurnal stem elongation in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Torsdag). The plants were grown under a 12-h light period with an average temperature of 17 degrees C. A day temperature/night temperature combination of 13 degrees C/21 degrees C reduced stem elongation after 12 d by 30% as compared to 21 degrees C/13 degrees C. This was correlated with a 55% reduction of GA1. Although plant height correlated with GA1 content, there was no correlation between diurnal growth rhythms and GA1 content. NA, PsGA20ox1, and PsGA2ox2 showed diurnal rhythms of expression. PsGA2ox2 was up-regulated in 13 degrees C/21 degrees C (compared to 21 degrees C/13 degrees C), at certain time points, by up to 19-fold. Relative to PsGA2ox2, the expression of LS, LH, NA, PSGA20ox1, PsGA3ox1, and PsGA2ox1 was not or only slightly affected by the different temperature treatments. The sln mutant having a nonfunctional PsGA2ox1 gene product showed the same relative stem elongation response to temperature as the wild type. This supports the importance of PsGA2ox2 in mediating thermoperiodic stem elongation responses in pea. We present evidence for an important role of GA catabolism in thermoperiodic effect on stem elongation and conclude that PsGA2ox2 is the main mediator of this effect in pea. 相似文献
35.
Intrinsic scaling complexity in animal dispersion and abundance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ecological theory related to animal distribution and abundance is at present incomplete and to some extent naive. We suggest that this may partly be due to a long tradition in the field of model development for choosing mathematical and statistical tools for convenience rather than applicability. Real population dynamics are influenced by nonlinear interactions, nonequilibrium conditions, and scaling complexity from system openness. Thus, a coherent theory for individual-, population-, and community-level processes should rest on mathematical and statistical methods that explicitly confront these issues in a manner that satisfies principles from statistical mechanics for complex systems. Instead, ecological theory is traditionally based on premises from simpler statistical mechanical theory for memory-free, scale-specific, random-walk, and diffusion processes, while animals from many taxa generally express strategic homing, site fidelity, and conspecific attraction in direct violation of primary model assumptions. Thus, the main challenge is to generalize the theory for memory-free physical, many-body systems to include a more realistic memory-influenced framework that better satisfies ecological realism. We describe, simulate, and discuss three testable aspects of a model for multiscaled habitat use at the individual level: (1) scale-free distribution of movement steps under influence of self-reinforcing site fidelity, (2) fractal spatial dispersion of intra-home range relocations, and (3) nonasymptotic expansion of observed intra-home range patch use with increasing set of relocations. Examples of literature data apparently supporting the conjecture that multiscaled, strategic space use is widespread among many animal taxa are also described. We suggest that the present approach, which provides a protocol to test for influence from scale-free, memory-dependent habitat use at the individual level, may also point toward a guideline for development of a generalized theoretical framework for complex population kinetics and spatiotemporal population dynamics. 相似文献
36.
In a previous study, the mRNA level of a pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP)-like protein was found to be elevated in the ileal Peyer's patch of lambs during the early phase of scrapie infection. Here, we report the isolation of the ovine PAP-like protein cDNA which encodes a putative 178 amino acid protein with a signal peptide and a C-lectin binding domain. Comparisons of REG/PAP proteins between various species showed that the deduced amino acid sequences were conserved. The overall amino acid identity between the ovine PAP-like protein and bovine, human and rat REG/PAP proteins varied from 23% to 85%. In Northern blot analysis the expression of the ovine PAP-like protein mRNA was restricted to the ileal and jejunal Peyer's patches. The cellular expression of the PAP-like protein mRNA in the ovine intestine was further characterized by in situ hybridization. PAP-like protein mRNA was detected in cells of the epithelial lining in most crypts and in some intestinal villi in the ileum and jejunum while in the colon and rectum, the PAP-like protein mRNA expression was only detected in the deep portion of a few crypts. The data provided will offer the possibility to search for a link between this PAP-like protein and early events in the development of scrapie. 相似文献
37.
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) increases fatty acid and glucose uptake in cultured human skeletal muscle cells 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Aas V Rokling-Andersen MH Kase ET Thoresen GH Rustan AC 《Journal of lipid research》2006,47(2):366-374
This study was conducted to evaluate the chronic effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on fatty acid and glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle cells. Uptake of [14C]oleate was increased >2-fold after preincubation of myotubes with 0.6 mM EPA for 24 h, and incorporation into various lipid classes showed that cellular triacylgycerol (TAG) and phospholipids were increased 2- to 3-fold compared with control cells. After exposure to oleic acid (OA), TAG was increased 2-fold. Insulin (100 nM) further increased the incorporation of [14C]oleate into all lipid classes for EPA-treated myotubes. Fatty acid beta-oxidation was unchanged, and complete oxidation (CO2) decreased in EPA-treated cells. Basal glucose transport and oxidation (CO2) were increased 2-fold after EPA, and insulin (100 nM) stimulated glucose transport and oxidation similarly in control and EPA-treated myotubes, whereas these responses to insulin were abolished after OA treatment. Lower concentrations of EPA (0.1 mM) also increased fatty acid and glucose uptake. CD36/FAT (fatty acid transporter) mRNA expression was increased after EPA and OA treatment compared with control cells. Moreover, GLUT1 expression was increased 2.5-fold by EPA, whereas GLUT4 expression was unchanged, and activities of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase were decreased after treatment with OA compared with EPA. Together, our data show that chronic exposure of myotubes to EPA promotes increased uptake and oxidation of glucose despite a markedly increased fatty acid uptake and synthesis of complex lipids. 相似文献
38.
In August 1998, 3000 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. parr were divided into 7 groups with 2 replicates. Every 6 wk until March of the following year 1 group was vaccinated. One group was held as an unvaccinated control. The fish were transferred to seawater in May 1999, and slaughtered in February 2000. Temperature, fish size and photoperiod at vaccination, and the time between vaccination and sea transfer thus varied among the groups. In all vaccinated groups, growth was reduced for 1 to 2 mo following vaccination. Intra-abdominal lesions developed faster, and stabilised at a higher level in the groups vaccinated early at the highest temperature and the smallest fish size. Growth in seawater was influenced by the time of vaccination. At the end of the experiment, the group vaccinated last (MAR) was the heaviest of the vaccinated groups (4.0 kg), and the group vaccinated first, i.e. in August (AUG) was smallest (3.2 kg). Growth rate in seawater differed only in the summer when specific growth rate was above 1.45 in all groups. There was a correlation between adhesion, condition factor and number of weeks from vaccination to sea transfer. The AUG group had the highest condition factor, with a top level of 1.64 in autumn, and this group also displayed the highest incidence of deformed vertebra. The experiment shows that side effects of vaccination can be significantly reduced when planning the vaccination strategy, by taking environmental factors and fish biology into consideration. 相似文献
39.
Do female pied flycatchers seek extrapair copulations with familiar males? A test of the incomplete knowledge hypothesis 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Slagsvold Tore; Johnsen Arild; Lampe Helene M.; Lifjeld Jan T. 《Behavioral ecology》2001,12(4):412-418
In birds with biparental care, great variation exists in thefrequency of extrapair paternity. Several hypotheses have beenproposed to account for this variation. We tested the incompleteknowledge hypothesis, which states that females are constrainedin their knowledge of male quality and that this influencestheir willingness to engage in extrapair copulations (EPC).By selective removal and release of female pied flycatchersFicedula hypoleuca, we created a situation where females finallysettled with a social mate close to the site where a formersocial mate was breeding. According to the incomplete knowledgehypothesis, this would lower the threshold for females to seekextrapair copulations in cases where their former social matewas of higher quality than the one finally chosen. The hypothesiswas not supported because manipulation of female settlementdid not increase frequency of extrapair paternity, not evenin cases where the female nested close to the previous mateand the current mate apparently was of lower quality becausehe was younger and more dull colored. However, we found that
when extrapair paternity did occur, the cuckolder tended tobe a familiar male (i.e., the female's initial social mate). 相似文献
40.