Studies on the Flavonoids in Tea Leaves

Yellow needle crystals, C₂₁H₂₀O₁₃?H₂O have been isolated from tea leaves. The crystals yield myricetin (hexaacetate, m.p. 211~212°C), glucose and galactose on hydrolysis. As analytical data indicate the molecular ratio of myricetin to the sugars to be 1:1 and the only bonding position of the sugars to be position 3 of the aglycone, the crystals are concluded to consist of two kinds of glycosides, namely myricetin-3-glucoside and myricetin-3-galactoside.     

Carboxyl Proteinase from the Wood Deteriorating Basidiomycete Pycnoporus coccineus :Substrate Specificity with Oxidized Insulin Peptide B1 ~ B16 and B15 ~ B24, Angiotensin and Proangiotensin

The specificity of highly purified carboxyl proteinase from Pycnoporus coccineus (formerly designated Trametes sanguined) was investigated with oligopeptides at pH 2.7. Hydrolysis of oxidized insulin peptide Bl ~ B16 was observed at two peptide bonds (His¹⁰-Leu¹¹ and Ala¹⁴-Leu¹⁵) during 3-hr incubation. The enzyme did not hydrolyze oxidized insulin peptide B15 ~ B24. Hydrolysis of angiotensin (formerly designated angiotensin II) was observed at the Tyr⁴-Ile⁵ bond. Hydrolysis of proangiotensin (formerly designated angiotensin I) was also at the Tyr⁴-Ile⁵ bond. In conclusion, peptide bonds which have a hydrophobic amino acid in the P′₁ position (as defined by Schechter and Berger, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 27, 157 (1967)) are preferentially cleaved by the trypsinogen activating carboxyl proteinase of Pycnoporus coccineus.     

Studies on γ-Radiolysis of Sulfur Containing Amino Acids

In connection with flavor deterioration accompanied by food irradiation, the effect of γ-irradiation on sulfoxide amino acids in air free aqueous system was investigated. The major radiolysis products from S-n-propyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (PCSO) were alanine, cysteic acid, dipropyl disulfide, etc., and from S-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (ACSO) were S-allyl-l-cysteine, cystine, cysteic acid, etc., which were isolated chromatographycally and identified by using IR and mass spectrometry. The sulfoxide in ACSO was more easily reduced to sulfide than that of in PCSO, and the bond of S-C (β-carbon in alanine moiety) in ACSO was difficult to cleave. These differences observed between PCSO and ACSO in the radiolysis products and their yields indicate that the radiolysis degradation is considerably influenced by the structure of alkyl group. From the experiments with N₂O or KBr addition during irradiation, principal roles of the active species in irradiated water in the degradation processes were partly elucidated.     

Purification and Properties of Lytic, β-1, 3-Glucanase from Flavobacterium dormitator var. glucanolyticae

An endo β-1, 3-glucanase which is able to disrupt the cells of living yeast has been purified in homogeneous state from the culture filtrate of Flavobacterium dormitator var. glucanolyticae. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 17,000 ~ 22,000. The mode of enzyme action has been suggested to be a “random” type of β-1, 3-glucanase. The enzyme preferes larger chains saccharides as substrate for its action, however, smaller oligosaccharides such as laminaritriose and laminaribiose are also decomposed by the enzyme. The Km values of the enzyme for laminarin, laminarihexaose, and laminaritetraose were determined to be 0.26, 1.18, and 2.00 g/liter, respectively. The ability of this enzyme to disrupt the cells of living yeast is its remarkable point, since endo β-1, 3-glucanase of a smaller oligosaccharide-producing type from most sources has been recognized to be inactive (or very weakly active) on living yeast cells.     

Epiderstatin and Its Related Glutarimide Antibiotics Inhibit the Cell Growth Induced by Mitogen Stimulation

To investigate the immunosuppressive effects of glutarimide antibiotics including a new antibiotic named epiderstatin, we tested these antibiotics for inhibition of the blastogenesis of mouse spleen cells induced by mitogen stimulation (concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide). The inhibitory activity was measured by colorimetric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Among the glutarimide antibiotics tested, epiderstatin and acetoxycycloheximide especially strongly inhibited the blastogenesis of mouse spleen cells induced by concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, however, selectivity between T and B lymphocytes was not observed.     

Determination of 2-Aminoethylphosphonic Acid and Its Y-iM ethyl Derivative in Animal Tissues by Gas Chromatography with Flame Photometric Detection

A sensitive and selective method was developed for the determination of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) and W-methyl AEP in animal tissues by gas chromatography (GC). These compounds were converted into their A-isobutoxycarbonyl methyl ester derivatives and measured by GC with flame photometric detection (FPd-GC), using 0.5 % FFAP on Uniport HP as the GC column packing. The calibration curves for AEP and A-methyl AEP in the range of 0.02 ~ 2 μg were linear, and the detection limit was about 20 pg as an injection amount. AEP and A^-methyl AEP in animal tissues were found in the free form and bound form with lipid and other biological macromolecules, and they could be measured without any influence from coexistent substances by FPd-GC. The recoveries of AEP and A'-methyl AEP added to the tissue samples were 92 —105 %, and their reproducibility was found to be satisfactory. The distribution of these compounds in various animals was also studied by using this new method.     

Biological Activities of Fundamental,Carbohydrate Skeleton of Lipid A Containing Amide-linked 3-Hydroxytetradecanoic Acid

In the initial stage of hydrolysis, exo-ß-(l-→3)-d-glucanase from Basidiomycetes sp. QM 806 cleaved laminaran from Eisenia bicyclis with a pattern resembling an endo-hydrolase. Five kinds of intermediate gluco-oligosaccharides were separated by a combination of gel filtration and HPLC. They were shown to be 3²-O-ß-d-glucosyl-gentiobiose, 3²-O-ß-d-gentiobiosyl-gentiobiose, 3³O-ß-d-glucosyl-gentiotriose, 3⁴-ß-d-glucosyl-3²-O-gentiobiosyl-gentiobiose, and 3³-O-ß-d-gentio-biosylgentiotriose by enzymic hydrolysis and methylation analysis as well as by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. As a result, such kinds of ß-(l → 3)-ß-(l→6)-linked oligosaccharides could be accounted for in the initial cleavage, and they were hydrolyzed ultimately to glucose, gentiobiose, and gentio-triose. It suggests that a single (1 → 3)-linkage on a block of (1 → 6)-links show some resistance to attack by this enzyme.