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We sampled populations of forest-floor dwelling cave and ground wētā using footprint tracking tunnels and spotlight transect counts in southern beech forest, New Zealand. Samples were compared to estimates of wētā density based on mark–recapture estimates from 25?m2 enclosures. Both activity indices captured variability in cave wētā in time and space, were strongly correlated with each other, and have the potential for monitoring cave wētā activity levels. Comparisons between indices and cave wētā density estimates were equivocal, as recapture rates were too low to calculate high-resolution density estimates. We also found that cave wētā counts had a curved relationship increasing with temperature, and a negative relationship with increasing shrub and woody debris cover. Based on these preliminary results, tracking tunnels could be a viable method of monitoring cave wētā as they appear more efficient than transect counts and are relatively inexpensive. However, further calibration trials are needed to determine if indices mirror robust population density estimates. 相似文献
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Inès J Goossens-Beumer Jan Oosting Wim E Corver Marjolein JFW Janssen Bart Janssen Wilbert van Workum Eliane CM Zeestraten Cornelis JH van de Velde Hans Morreau Peter JK Kuppen Tom van Wezel 《BMC genomics》2015,16(1)
Background
In rectal cancer, total mesorectal excision surgery combined with preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy reduces local recurrence rates but does not improve overall patient survival, a result that may be due to the harmful side effects and/or co-morbidity of preoperative treatment. New biomarkers are needed to facilitate identification of rectal cancer patients at high risk for local recurrent disease. This would allow for preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy to be restricted to high-risk patients, thereby reducing overtreatment and allowing personalized treatment protocols. We analyzed genome-wide DNA copy number (CN) and allelic alterations in 112 tumors from preoperatively untreated rectal cancer patients. Sixty-six patients with local and/or distant recurrent disease were compared to matched controls without recurrence. Results were validated in a second cohort of tumors from 95 matched rectal cancer patients. Additionally, we performed a meta-analysis that included 42 studies reporting on CN alterations in colorectal cancer and compared results to our own data.Results
The genomic profiles in our study were comparable to other rectal cancer studies. Results of the meta-analysis supported the hypothesis that colon cancer and rectal cancer may be distinct disease entities. In our discovery patient study cohort, allelic retention of chromosome 7 was significantly associated with local recurrent disease. Data from the validation cohort were supportive, albeit not statistically significant, of this finding.Conclusions
We showed that retention of heterozygosity on chromosome 7 may be associated with local recurrence in rectal cancer. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and effect of retention of chromosome 7 on the development of local recurrent disease in rectal cancer.Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1550-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献34.
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Studies of the hyaluronan (HA) tetrasaccharides are important for
understanding hydrogen-bonding in the HA polymer, as they are probably the
smallest oligomers in which characteristics of the constituent
monosaccharides and the polymer are simultaneously exhibited. Here we
present extensive molecular dynamics simulations of the two
tetrasaccharides of HA in dilute aqueous solution. These simulations have
confirmed the existence of intramolecular hydrogen-bonds between the
neighboring sugar residues of HA in solution, as proposed by Scott (1989).
However, our simulations predict that these intramolecular hydrogen-bonds
are not static as previously proposed, but are in constant dynamic exchange
on the sub-nanosecond time-scale. This process results in discrete internal
motion of the HA tetrasaccharides where they rapidly move between low
energy conformations. Specific interactions between water and
intramolecular hydrogen-bonds involving the hydroxymethyl group were found
to result in differing conformations and dynamics for the two alternative
tetrasaccharides of HA. This new observation suggests that this residue may
play a key role in the entropy and stability of HA in solution, allowing it
to stay soluble up to high concentration. The vicinal coupling constants3 J
NHCH of the acetamido groups have been calculated from our aqueous
simulations of HA. We found that high values of 3J NHCH approximately 8 Hz,
as experimentally measured for HA, are consistent with mixtures of both
trans and cis conformations, and thus3 J NHCH cannot be used to imply a
purely trans conformation of the acetamido. The rapid exchange of
intramolecular hydrogen-bonds indicates that although the structure is at
any moment stabilized by these hydrogen-bonds, no one hydrogen-bond exists
for an extended period of time. This could explain why NMR often fails to
provide evidence for intramolecular hydrogen-bonds in HA and other aqueous
carbohydrate structures.
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The tumor suppressor PTEN positively regulates macroautophagy by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
Arico S Petiot A Bauvy C Dubbelhuis PF Meijer AJ Codogno P Ogier-Denis E 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2001,276(38):35243-35246
The tumor suppressor PTEN is a dual protein and phosphoinositide phosphatase that negatively controls the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) signaling pathway. Interleukin-13 via the activation of the class I PI 3-kinase has been shown to inhibit the macroautophagic pathway in the human colon cancer HT-29 cells. Here we demonstrate that the wild-type PTEN is expressed in this cell line. Its overexpression directed by an inducible promoter counteracts the interleukin-13 down-regulation of macroautophagy. This effect was dependent upon the phosphoinositide phosphatase activity of PTEN as determined by using the mutant G129E, which has only protein phosphatase activity. The role of Akt/PKB in the signaling control of interleukin-13-dependent macroautophagy was investigated by expressing a constitutively active form of the kinase ((Myr)PKB). Under these conditions a dramatic inhibition of macroautophagy was observed. By contrast a high rate of autophagy was observed in cells expressing a dominant negative form of PKB. These data demonstrate that the signaling control of macroautophagy overlaps with the well known PI 3-kinase/PKB survival pathway and that the loss of PTEN function in cancer cells inhibits a major catabolic pathway. 相似文献