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81.
Argueso CT Ferreira FJ Epple P To JP Hutchison CE Schaller GE Dangl JL Kieber JJ 《PLoS genetics》2012,8(1):e1002448
Recent studies have revealed an important role for hormones in plant immunity. We are now beginning to understand the contribution of crosstalk among different hormone signaling networks to the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate development and responses to the environment. Cytokinin signaling involves a phosphorelay circuitry similar to two-component systems used by bacteria and fungi to perceive and react to various environmental stimuli. In this study, we asked whether cytokinin and components of cytokinin signaling contribute to plant immunity. We demonstrate that cytokinin levels in Arabidopsis are important in determining the amplitude of immune responses, ultimately influencing the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. We show that high concentrations of cytokinin lead to increased defense responses to a virulent oomycete pathogen, through a process that is dependent on salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and activation of defense gene expression. Surprisingly, treatment with lower concentrations of cytokinin results in increased susceptibility. These functions for cytokinin in plant immunity require a host phosphorelay system and are mediated in part by type-A response regulators, which act as negative regulators of basal and pathogen-induced SA-dependent gene expression. Our results support a model in which cytokinin up-regulates plant immunity via an elevation of SA-dependent defense responses and in which SA in turn feedback-inhibits cytokinin signaling. The crosstalk between cytokinin and SA signaling networks may help plants fine-tune defense responses against pathogens. 相似文献
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83.
Gutiérrez C JL G González C MA Segura C I Sánchez C JA Orozco V M Fortis H 《Phyton》2015,84(2):298-305
Leonardite is an oxidized form of lignite carbon, which is obtained from fossilized organic materials. Such materials are used for the extraction of humic acids (HA). The result of the addition of HA of organic origin on soil structure is known; however, the effects of adding HA of Leonardite on soil structure have been scarcely investigated. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine the influence of humic acids derived from Leonardite in increasing the aggregate stability of an Aridisol under greenhouse conditions, and (2) evaluate the morphology of the root xylem during the phenological development of melon plants (Cucumis melo L.). Three treatments of HA solution application to the soil were used: soil without solution application (HA0), and application of HA solution to the soil with pH 6 (HA6) or (HA7). Aggregate stability (As) and bulk density (Da) were evaluated as soil variables. Development and quantification of xylem area were studied on plants. There were significant differences in aggregate stability. Also, there was an increase in the root xylem area, and the best treatment was when AH7 solution was applied. Humic acids derived from Leonardite increased the stability of soil aggregates when plants grew under greenhouse conditions, and fostered the development of xylem conduits during the fruiting stage. 相似文献
84.
Background
Computational prediction methods are currently used to identify genes in prokaryote genomes. However, identification of the correct translation initiation sites remains a difficult task. Accurate translation initiation sites (TISs) are important not only for the annotation of unknown proteins but also for the prediction of operons, promoters, and small non-coding RNA genes, as this typically makes use of the intergenic distance. A further problem is that most existing methods are optimized for Escherichia coli data sets; applying these methods to newly sequenced bacterial genomes may not result in an equivalent level of accuracy. 相似文献85.
K. T. Nishant Wu Wei Eugenio Mancera Juan Lucas Argueso Andreas Schlattl Nicolas Delhomme Xin Ma Carlos D. Bustamante Jan O. Korbel Zhenglong Gu Lars M. Steinmetz Eric Alani 《PLoS genetics》2010,6(9)
Accurate estimates of mutation rates provide critical information to analyze genome evolution and organism fitness. We used whole-genome DNA sequencing, pulse-field gel electrophoresis, and comparative genome hybridization to determine mutation rates in diploid vegetative and meiotic mutation accumulation lines of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The vegetative lines underwent only mitotic divisions while the meiotic lines underwent a meiotic cycle every ∼20 vegetative divisions. Similar base substitution rates were estimated for both lines. Given our experimental design, these measures indicated that the meiotic mutation rate is within the range of being equal to zero to being 55-fold higher than the vegetative rate. Mutations detected in vegetative lines were all heterozygous while those in meiotic lines were homozygous. A quantitative analysis of intra-tetrad mating events in the meiotic lines showed that inter-spore mating is primarily responsible for rapidly fixing mutations to homozygosity as well as for removing mutations. We did not observe 1–2 nt insertion/deletion (in-del) mutations in any of the sequenced lines and only one structural variant in a non-telomeric location was found. However, a large number of structural variations in subtelomeric sequences were seen in both vegetative and meiotic lines that did not affect viability. Our results indicate that the diploid yeast nuclear genome is remarkably stable during the vegetative and meiotic cell cycles and support the hypothesis that peripheral regions of chromosomes are more dynamic than gene-rich central sections where structural rearrangements could be deleterious. This work also provides an improved estimate for the mutational load carried by diploid organisms. 相似文献
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Carole Lyn Yauk J. Lucas Argueso Scott S. Auerbach Philip Awadalla Sean R. Davis David M. DeMarini George R. Douglas Yuri E. Dubrova Rosalie K. Elespuru Thomas W. Glover Barbara F. Hales Matthew E. Hurles Catherine B. Klein James R. Lupski David K. Manchester Francesco Marchetti Alexandre Montpetit John J. Mulvihill Jack B. Bishop 《Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research》2013,752(1):6-9
Next-generation sequencing technologies can now be used to directly measure heritable de novo DNA sequence mutations in humans. However, these techniques have not been used to examine environmental factors that induce such mutations and their associated diseases. To address this issue, a working group on environmentally induced germline mutation analysis (ENIGMA) met in October 2011 to propose the necessary foundational studies, which include sequencing of parent–offspring trios from highly exposed human populations, and controlled dose–response experiments in animals. These studies will establish background levels of variability in germline mutation rates and identify environmental agents that influence these rates and heritable disease. Guidance for the types of exposures to examine come from rodent studies that have identified agents such as cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, ionizing radiation, cigarette smoke, and air pollution as germ-cell mutagens. Research is urgently needed to establish the health consequences of parental exposures on subsequent generations. 相似文献
89.
Anke Wesselius Martijn JL Bours Niklas R Jørgensen James Wiley Ben Gu Svenjhalmar van Helden Lodewijk van Rhijn Pieter C Dagnelie 《Purinergic signalling》2013,9(1):123-130
In the present study we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2RX4, which alter the P2X4R function, are associated with the development of osteoporosis and whether an interaction between the P2X4R and P2X7R confer a synergistic effect of these two receptors on osteoporosis risk. Patients with fracture (690 females and 231 males, aged ≥50 years) were genotyped for three non-synonymous P2X4R SNPs. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the total hip, lumbar spine, and femoral neck. Subject carrying the variant allele of the Tyr315Cys polymorphism showed a 2.68-fold (95 % CI, 1.20–6.02) higher risk of osteoporosis compared with wild-type subject. Furthermore, significant lower lumbar spine BMD values were observed in subjects carrying the Cys315 allele as compared with wild-type (0.85 ± 0.17 and 0.93 ± 0.17 g/cm2, respectively; p < 0.001). Assuming a recessive model, carriers of the variant allele of the Ser242Gly polymorphism showed increased BMD values at the lumbar spine compare to wild-type subject (1.11 ± 0.35 and 0.92 ± 0.17 g/cm2, respectively; p = 0.0045). This is the first study demonstrating an association of non-synonymous polymorphisms in the P2RX4 and the risk of osteoporosis, suggesting a role of the P2X4R in the regulation of bone mass.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11302-012-9337-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献90.