Whole genome sequence of the rifamycin B-producing strain Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699

Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699 is an actinomycete that produces an important antibiotic, rifamycin B. Semisynthetic derivatives of rifamycin B are used for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy, and AIDS-related mycobacterial infections. Here, we report the complete genome sequence (10.2 Mb) of A. mediterranei S699, with 9,575 predicted coding sequences.     

Desiccation induced oxidative stress and its biochemical responses in intertidal red alga Gracilaria corticata (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

Intertidal alga Gracilaria corticata growing in natural environment experiences various abiotic stresses during the low tides. The aim of this study was to determine whether desiccation exposure would lead to oxidative stress and its effect varies with exposure periods. This study gives an account of various biochemical changes in G. corticata following the exposure to desiccation for a period of 0 (control), 1, 2, 3 and 4 h under controlled conditions. During desiccation, G. corticata thalli showed dramatic loss of water by almost 47% when desiccated for 4 h. The enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased lipid peroxidation observed during the exposure of 3-4 h were chiefly contributed by higher lipoxygenase (LOX) activity with the induction of two new LOX isoforms (LOX-2, ∼85 kDa; LOX-3, ∼65 kDa). The chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrin and phycocyanin) were increased during initial 2 h exposure compared to control and thereafter declined in the succeeding exposure. The antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and the regeneration rate of reduced ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) increased during desiccation up to 2-3 h. Further, the isoforms of antioxidant enzymes Mn-SOD (∼150 kDa), APX-4 (∼110 kDa), APX-5 (∼45 kDa), GPX-1 (∼80 kDa) and GPX-2 (∼65 kDa) responded specifically to the desiccation exposure. Compared to control, a relative higher content of both free and bound insoluble putrescine and spermine together with enhanced n-6 PUFAs namely C20:4(n-6) and C20:3(n-6) fatty acids found during 2 h exposure reveals their involvement in defence reactions against the desiccation induced oxidative stress.     

Protective Role of Cynodon dactylon in Ameliorating the Aluminium-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Brain Regions

Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) is a creeping grass used as a traditional ayurvedic medicine in India. Aluminium-induced neurotoxicity is well known and different salts of aluminium have been reported to accelerate damage to biomolecules like lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the aqueous extract of C. dactylon (AECD) could potentially prevent aluminium-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of the rat brain. Male albino rats were administered with AlCl(3) at a dose of 4.2?mg/kg/day i.p. for 4?weeks. Experimental rats were given C. dactylon extract in two different doses of 300?mg and 750?mg/keg/day orally 1?h prior to the AlCl(3) administration for 4?weeks. At the end of the experiments, antioxidant status and activities of ATPases in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat brain were measured. Aluminium administration significantly decreased the level of GSH and the activities of SOD, GPx, GST, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase, and Mg(2+) ATPase and increased the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in all the brain regions when compared with control rats. Pre-treatment with AECD at a dose of 750?mg/kg b.w increased the antioxidant status and activities of membrane-bound enzymes (Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and Mg(2+) ATPase) and also decreased the level of LPO significantly, when compared with aluminium-induced rats. The results of this study indicated that AECD has potential to protect the various brain regions from aluminium-induced neurotoxicity.     

Development of peptide and protein nanotherapeutics by nanoencapsulation and nanobioconjugation

The targeted delivery of therapeutic peptide by nanocarriers systems requires the knowledge of interactions of nanomaterials with the biological environment, peptide release, and stability of therapeutic peptides. Therapeutic application of nanoencapsulated peptides are increasing exponentially and >1000 peptides in nanoencapsulated form are in different clinical/trial phase. This review covers current scenario of therapeutic protein and peptides encapsulation on polymer to metallic nanocarriers including methods of protein encapsulation, peptide bioconjugation on nanoparticles, stability enhancement of encapsulated proteins and its biomedical applications.     

Compensatory expression and substrate inducibility of gamma-glutamyl transferase GGT2 isoform in Arabidopsis thaliana

γ-Glutamyl transferases (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) are glutathione-degrading enzymes that are represented in Arabidopsis thaliana by a small gene family of four members. Two isoforms, GGT1 and GGT2, are apoplastic, sharing broad similarities in their amino acid sequences, but they are differently expressed in the tissues: GGT1 is expressed in roots, leaves, and siliques, while GGT2 was thought to be expressed only in siliques. It is demonstrated here that GGT2 is also expressed in wild-type roots, albeit in very small amounts. GGT2 expression is enhanced in ggt1 knockout mutants, suggesting a compensatory effect to restore GGT activity in the root apoplast. Supplementation with 100 μM glutathione (GSH) resulted in the up-regulation of GGT2 gene expression in wild-type and ggt1 knockout roots, and of GGT1 gene expression in wild-type roots. Glutathione recovery was hampered by the GGT inhibitor serine/borate, suggesting a major role for apoplastic GGTs in this process. These findings can explain the ability of ggt1 knockout mutants to retrieve exogenously added glutathione from the growth medium.     

DGAT enzymes are required for triacylglycerol synthesis and lipid droplets in adipocytes

The total contribution of the acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, to mammalian triacylglycerol (TG) synthesis has not been determined. Similarly, whether DGAT enzymes are required for lipid droplet (LD) formation is unknown. In this study, we examined the requirement for DGAT enzymes in TG synthesis and LDs in differentiated adipocytes with genetic deletions of DGAT1 and DGAT2. Adipocytes with a single deletion of either enzyme were capable of TG synthesis and LD formation. In contrast, adipocytes with deletions of both DGATs were severely lacking in TG and did not have LDs, indicating that DGAT1 and DGAT2 account for nearly all TG synthesis in adipocytes and appear to be required for LD formation during adipogenesis. DGAT enzymes were not absolutely required for LD formation in mammalian cells, however; macrophages deficient in both DGAT enzymes were able to form LDs when incubated with cholesterol-rich lipoproteins. Although adipocytes lacking both DGATs had no TG or LDs, they were fully differentiated by multiple criteria. Our findings show that DGAT1 and DGAT2 account for the vast majority of TG synthesis in mice, and DGAT function is required for LDs in adipocytes, but not in all cell types.     

Cytological studies of Angiosperms (174 species) from District Kangra,Himachal Pradesh (India)

During the present study, 360 populations of 174 species belonging to 82 genera and 23 families of dicots have been cytologically worked out from different localities of District Kangra (Himachal Pradesh) between 550 and 3,800 m altitude. As many as 10 species including Berberis ceratophylla (2n = 28), Caltha alba (2n = 32), Corydalis meifolia (2n = 16), C. thyrsiflora (2n = 16), Impatiens reidii (2n = 14), Indigofera hamiltonii (2n = 16), Potentilla thomsonii (2n = 14), Sedum trifidum (2n = 36), Stellaria semivestita (2n = 26) and Viola canescens (2n = 12) have been cytologically worked out for the first time at world level. New intraspecific diploid cytotypes have been recorded in 11 species while new intraspecific tetraploid cytotypes are noticed in 15 species. B-chromosomes have also been reported in 3 species viz. Anemone obtusiloba, Clematis grata and Ranunculus diffusus for the first time at world level. The species of the area are active state of evolution, depicting heterogeneity in chromosome numbers involving polyploidy (48 species, 28.18 %) as well as irregular meiotic behavior. The meiotic abnormalities have been witnessed in 69 species (39.65 %) showing different types of irregularities such as cytomixis, interbivalant connections, unoriented bivalents, chromatin stickiness, chromosomal laggards and bridges as well as abnormal microsprogenesis. All these meiotic abnormalities lead to reduced pollen fertility and formation of variable sized pollen grains in most of these species.     

Cytomorphological diversity in some selected members of Poaceae from Parvati Valley in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh,India

The present work includes detailed male meiotic studies on 46 species of grasses falling into 59 accessions from different localities of Parvati Valley in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh in the altitudinal range of 1,100 to 2,750 m. All the species have been studied cytologically for the first time from the study area. The meiotic chromosome count of n = 14 for Calamagrostis emodensis is the first ever chromosome report. Three species, namely Agrostis alba (n = 21), Avena byzantina (n = 21) and Bromus inermis (n = 14) have been studied cytologically for the first time from India. New intraspecific diploid/polyploid cytotypes have been reported for Arthraxon serrulatus (2n = 4x = 32), Iseilema laxum (2n = 12x = 60), Digitaria albudens (2n = 8x = 72), Festuca kashmiriana (2n = 2x = 14) and Stipa orientalis (2n = 2x = 20). The existence of variable number of B-chromosomes (2n = 60 + 0-5B) has been reported for the first time in the 12x cytotype of Iseilema laxum. Secondary associations of chromosomes in the tetraploid cytotype of Cymbopogon martini (n = 20) indicated its secondary polyploid nature. As many as 18 species showed various meiotic anomalies such as the phenomenon of cytomixis involving inter PMC migration of chromatin material, chromatin stickiness, interbivalent connections, abnormal spindle activity, presence of bridges and laggards during anaphases and telophases and abnormal sporads. These meiotic abnormalities consequently yielded sterile and heterogeneous-sized fertile pollen grains. The polyploidy and aneuploidy have played an active role in the evolution of grasses.     

Analysis of Jatropha curcas transcriptome for oil enhancement and genic markers

Oil-rich seeds of Jatropha curcas are being focussed as a source of bio-diesel. However, prior to its industrial use, a lot of crop improvement efforts are required in Jatropha. Availability of a large number of EST sequences of Jatropha in public domain allow identification of candidate genes for several agronomic characters including oil content in seeds. Here, we have analysed 42,477 ESTs of Jatropha spanning 22.9 Mbp for microsatellites and fatty acid metabolism related sequences. Unigene sequences were built using CAP 3 programme resulted in 12,358 contigs and 5,730 singlets. Nearly, 8 % unigenes showed presence of microsatellites, slightly over-represented compared to their occurrence in ESTs. Most of the microsatellites were either di- or tri-nucleotide repeats, while other categories of tetra-, penta- and hexa-nucleotide repeats together constituted ~4 % of total microsatellites. Assessment of functional relevance of unigenes was carried out using Blast2GO using its default settings. The overall sequence similarity level against sequences in ‘nr’ database was >80 %. A total of 931 sequences that participated in any of the pathways related to fatty acid or lipid metabolism were found at GO level 6. Among these, GO terms “Fatty acid metabolic process” and “Fatty acid biosynthetic process” were most over-represented. Overall, our work has due relevance in identifying molecular markers for the candidate genes for oil content in Jatropha seeds, and will prove to be an important reference for further studies for identification of trait specific markers in Jatropha.