全文获取类型
收费全文 | 28677篇 |
免费 | 15806篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 19篇 |
2022年 | 116篇 |
2021年 | 473篇 |
2020年 | 2224篇 |
2019年 | 3771篇 |
2018年 | 3887篇 |
2017年 | 4157篇 |
2016年 | 4152篇 |
2015年 | 4139篇 |
2014年 | 3783篇 |
2013年 | 4225篇 |
2012年 | 1947篇 |
2011年 | 1619篇 |
2010年 | 3102篇 |
2009年 | 1855篇 |
2008年 | 819篇 |
2007年 | 384篇 |
2006年 | 365篇 |
2005年 | 417篇 |
2004年 | 384篇 |
2003年 | 367篇 |
2002年 | 348篇 |
2001年 | 356篇 |
2000年 | 287篇 |
1999年 | 229篇 |
1998年 | 51篇 |
1997年 | 45篇 |
1996年 | 49篇 |
1995年 | 44篇 |
1994年 | 44篇 |
1993年 | 35篇 |
1992年 | 78篇 |
1991年 | 67篇 |
1990年 | 73篇 |
1989年 | 48篇 |
1988年 | 47篇 |
1987年 | 47篇 |
1986年 | 35篇 |
1985年 | 44篇 |
1984年 | 26篇 |
1983年 | 35篇 |
1982年 | 39篇 |
1981年 | 24篇 |
1980年 | 19篇 |
1979年 | 30篇 |
1978年 | 16篇 |
1977年 | 23篇 |
1976年 | 16篇 |
1975年 | 20篇 |
1973年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 187 毫秒
991.
The catalyst layer of the cathode is arguably the most critical component of low‐temperature fuel cells and carbon dioxide (CO2) electrolysis cells because their performance is typically limited by slow oxygen (O2) and CO2 reduction kinetics. While significant efforts have focused on developing cathode catalysts with improved activity and stability, fewer efforts have focused on engineering the catalyst layer structure to maximize catalyst utilization and overall electrode and system performance. Here, we study the performance of cathodes for O2 reduction and CO2 reduction as a function of three common catalyst layer preparation methods: hand‐painting, air‐brushing, and screen‐printing. We employed ex‐situ X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (MicroCT) to visualize the catalyst layer structure and established data processing procedures to quantify catalyst uniformity. By coupling structural analysis with in‐situ electrochemical characterization, we directly correlate variation in catalyst layer morphology to electrode performance. MicroCT and SEM analyses indicate that, as expected, more uniform catalyst distribution and less particle agglomeration, lead to better performance. Most importantly, the analyses reported here allow for the observed differences over a large geometric volume as a function of preparation methods to be quantified and explained for the first time. Depositing catalyst layers via a fully‐automated air‐brushing method led to a 56% improvement in fuel cell performance and a significant reduction in electrode‐to‐electrode variability. Furthermore, air‐brushing catalyst layers for CO2 reduction led to a 3‐fold increase in partial CO current density and enhanced product selectivity (94% CO) at similar cathode potential but a 10‐fold decrease in catalyst loading as compared to previous reports. 相似文献
992.
Yuwon Park Nam‐Soon Choi Sangjin Park Seung Hee Woo Soojin Sim Bo Yun Jang Seung M. Oh Soojin Park Jaephil Cho Kyu Tae Lee 《Liver Transplantation》2013,3(2):206-212
Remarkable improvements in the electrochemical performance of Si materials for Li‐ion batteries have been recently achieved, but the inherent volume change of Si still induces electrode expansion and external cell deformation. Here, the void structure in Si‐encapsulating hollow carbons is optimized in order to minimize the volume expansion of Si‐based anodes and improve electrochemical performance. When compared to chemical etching, the hollow structure is achieved via electroless etching is more advanced due to the improved electrical contact between carbon and Si. Despite the very thick electrodes (30 ~ 40 μm), this results in better cycle and rate performances including little capacity fading over 50 cycles and 1100 mA h g?1 at 2C rate. Also, an in situ dilatometer technique is used to perform a comprehensive study of electrode thickness change, and Si‐encapsulating hollow carbon mitigates the volume change of electrodes by adoption of void space, resulting in a small volume increase of 18% after full lithiation corresponding with a reversible capacity of about 2000 mA h g?1. 相似文献
993.
Gabriel A. Koepp Chinmay U. Manohar Shelly K. McCrady‐Spitzer Avner Ben‐Ner Darla J. Hamann Carlisle F. Runge James A. Levine 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2013,21(4):705-711
Objective: Sedentariness is associated with weight gain and obesity. A treadmill desk is the combination of a standing desk and a treadmill that allow employees to work while walking at low speed. Design and Methods: The hypothesis was that a 1‐year intervention with treadmill desks is associated with an increase in employee daily physical activity (summation of all activity per minute) and a decrease in daily sedentary time (zero activity). Employees (n = 36; 25 women, 11 men) with sedentary jobs (87 ± 27 kg, BMI 29 ± 7 kg/m2, n = 10 Lean BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 15 Overweight 25 < BMI < 30 kg/m2, n = 11 Obese BMI > 30 kg/m2) volunteered to have their traditional desk replaced with a treadmill desk to promote physical activity for 1 year. Results: Daily physical activity (using accelerometers), work performance, body composition, and blood variables were measured at Baseline and 6 and 12 months after the treadmill desk intervention. Subjects who used the treadmill desk increased daily physical activity from baseline 3,353 ± 1,802 activity units (AU)/day to, at 6 months, 4,460 ± 2,376 AU/day (P < 0.001), and at 12 months, 4,205 ± 2,238 AU/day (P < 0.001). Access to the treadmill desks was associated with significant decreases in daily sedentary time (zero activity) from at baseline 1,020 ± 75 min/day to, at 6 months, 929 ± 84 min/day (P < 0.001), and at 12 months, 978 ± 95 min/day (P < 0.001). For the whole group, weight loss averaged 1.4 ± 3.3 kg (P < 0.05). Weight loss for obese subjects was 2.3 ± 3.5 kg (P < 0.03). Access to the treadmill desks was associated with increased daily physical activity compared to traditional chair‐based desks; their deployment was not associated with altered performance. For the 36 participants, fat mass did not change significantly, however, those who lost weight (n = 22) lost 3.4 ± 5.4 kg (P < 0.001) of fat mass. Weight loss was greatest in people with obesity. Conclusions: Access to treadmill desks may improve the health of office workers without affecting work performance. 相似文献
994.
Marie Maraninchi Delphine Feron Ingrid Fruitier‐Arnaudin Audrey Bégu‐Le Corroller Juan P. Nogueira Julien Mancini René Valéro Jean M. Piot Bernard Vialettes 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2013,21(2):378-381
Objective:
Hemorphin peptides exhibit biological activities that interfere with the endorphin system, the inflammatory response, and blood‐pressure control. VV‐hemorphin‐7 and LVV‐hemorphin‐7 peptides exert a hypotensive effect, in particular, by inhibiting the renin–angiotensin system. Furthermore, levels of circulating hemorphin‐7 peptides have been found to be decreased in diseases such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Design and Methods:
Because type 2 diabetes and obesity share common features, such as insulin resistance, microinflammation, high glomerular‐filtration rate (GFR), and cardiovascular risk, we evaluated serum VV‐hemorphin‐7 like immunoreactivity (VVH7‐i.r.) levels, using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method, on a group of 54 obese subjects without diabetes or hypertension, compared with a group of 33 healthy normal‐weight subjects.Results:
Circulating VVH7‐i.r. levels were significantly decreased in the obese group compared with the control group (1.98 ± 0.19 vs. 4.86 ± 0.54 µmol/l, respectively, P < 0.01), and a significant negative correlation between VVH7‐i.r. and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found in obese patients (r = ?0.35, P = 0.011). There was no significant correlation between VVH7‐i.r. level and insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, or GFR.Conclusions:
The decreased serum hemorphin‐7 found in obese subjects, as in diabetes, may contribute to the development of hypertension and to the cardiovascular risk associated with these metabolic diseases.995.
S.M. Kaye M. Maranghi L.H. Bogl J. Kaprio A. Hakkarainen J. Lundbom N. Lundbom A. Rissanen M.‐R. Taskinen K.H. Pietiläinen 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2013,21(9):1815-1822
Objective: The effects of acquired obesity on lipid profile and lipoprotein composition in rare BMI‐discordant monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs were studied. Design and Methods: Abdominal fat distribution, liver fat (magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy), fasting serum lipid profile (ultracentrifugation, gradient gel‐electrophoresis, and colorimetric enzymatic methods), and lifestyle factors (questionnaires and diaries) were assessed in 15 BMI‐discordant (within‐pair difference [Δ] in BMI >3 kg/m2) and nin concordant (ΔBMI <3 kg/m2) MZ twin pairs, identified from two nationwide cohorts of Finnish twins. Results: Despite a strong similarity of MZ twins in lipid parameters (intra‐class correlations 0.42‐0.90, P < 0.05), concentrations of apolipoprotein B (ApoB), intermediate‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein 3a% (HDL3a%), and HDL3c% were higher (P < 0.05) and those of HDL cholesterol, HDL2‐C, and HDL2b% were lower (P < 0.01) in the heavier co‐twins of BMI‐discordant pairs. The composition of lipoprotein particles was similar in the co‐twins. When BMI‐discordant pairs were further divided into liver fat‐discordant and concordant (based on median for Δliver fat, 2.6%), the adverse lipid profile was only seen in those heavy co‐twins who also had high liver fat. Conversely, BMI‐discordant pairs concordant for liver fat did not differ significantly in lipid parameters. In multivariate analyses controlling for Δsubcutaneous, Δintra‐abdominal fat, sex, Δsmoking and Δphysical activity, Δliver fat was the only independent variable explaining the variation in ΔApoB, Δtotal cholesterol, and ΔLDL‐C concentration. Conclusions: Several pro‐atherogenic changes in the amounts of lipids but not in the composition of lipoprotein particles were observed in acquired obesity. In particular, accumulation of liver fat was associated with lipid disturbances, independent of genetic effects. 相似文献
996.
997.
998.
V. Lecoultre L. Egli G. Carrel F. Theytaz R. Kreis P. Schneiter A. Boss K. Zwygart K‐A. Lê M. Bortolotti C. Boesch L. Tappy 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2013,21(4):782-785
Objective:
To assess how intrahepatic fat and insulin resistance relate to daily fructose and energy intake during short‐term overfeeding in healthy subjects.Design and methods:
The analysis of the data collected in several studies in which fasting hepatic glucose production (HGP), hepatic insulin sensitivity index (HISI), and intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) had been measured after both 6‐7 days on a weight‐maintenance diet (control, C; n = 55) and 6‐7 days of overfeeding with 1.5 (F1.5, n = 7), 3 (F3, n = 17), or 4 g fructose/kg/day (F4, n = 10), with 3 g glucose/kg/day (G3, n = 11), or with 30% excess energy as saturated fat (fat30%, n = 10).Results:
F3, F4, G3, and fat30% all significantly increased IHCL, respectively by 113 ± 86, 102 ± 115, 59 ± 92, and 90 ± 74% as compared to C (all P < 0.05). F4 and G3 increased HGP by 16 ± 10 and 8 ± 11% (both P < 0.05), and F3 and F4 significantly decreased HISI by 20 ± 22 and 19 ± 14% (both P < 0.01). In contrast, there was no significant effect of fat30% on HGP or HISI.Conclusions:
Short‐term overfeeding with fructose or glucose decreases hepatic insulin sensitivity and increases hepatic fat content. This indicates short‐term regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism by simple carbohydrates. 相似文献999.
Sébastien Fritz Aurelien Capitan Anis Djari Sabrina C. Rodriguez Anne Barbat Aurélia Baur Cécile Grohs Bernard Weiss Mekki Boussaha Diane Esquerré Christophe Klopp Dominique Rocha Didier Boichard 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
The regular decrease of female fertility over time is a major concern in modern dairy cattle industry. Only half of this decrease is explained by indirect response to selection on milk production, suggesting the existence of other factors such as embryonic lethal genetic defects. Genomic regions harboring recessive deleterious mutations were detected in three dairy cattle breeds by identifying frequent haplotypes (>1%) showing a deficit in homozygotes among Illumina Bovine 50k Beadchip haplotyping data from the French genomic selection database (47,878 Holstein, 16,833 Montbéliarde, and 11,466 Normande animals). Thirty-four candidate haplotypes (p<10−4) including previously reported regions associated with Brachyspina, CVM, HH1, and HH3 in Holstein breed were identified. Haplotype length varied from 1 to 4.8 Mb and frequencies from 1.7 up to 9%. A significant negative effect on calving rate, consistent in heifers and in lactating cows, was observed for 9 of these haplotypes in matings between carrier bulls and daughters of carrier sires, confirming their association with embryonic lethal mutations. Eight regions were further investigated using whole genome sequencing data from heterozygous bull carriers and control animals (45 animals in total). Six strong candidate causative mutations including polymorphisms previously reported in FANCI (Brachyspina), SLC35A3 (CVM), APAF1 (HH1) and three novel mutations with very damaging effect on the protein structure, according to SIFT and Polyphen-2, were detected in GART, SHBG and SLC37A2 genes. In conclusion, this study reveals a yet hidden consequence of the important inbreeding rate observed in intensively selected and specialized cattle breeds. Counter-selection of these mutations and management of matings will have positive consequences on female fertility in dairy cattle. 相似文献
1000.
Koen Peeters Grietens Joan Muela Ribera Veronica Soto Alex Tenorio Sarah Hoibak Angel Rosas Aguirre Elizabeth Toomer Hugo Rodriguez Alejandro Llanos Cuentas Umberto D'Alessandro Dionicia Gamboa Annette Erhart 《PloS one》2013,8(1)