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71.
Mahler HR Kileo B Curran K Plotkin M Adamu T Hellar A Koshuma S Nyabenda S Machaku M Lukobo-Durrell M Castor D Njeuhmeli E Fimbo B 《PLoS medicine》2011,8(11):e1001131
The government of Tanzania has adopted voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) as an important component of its national HIV prevention strategy and is scaling up VMMC in eight regions nationwide, with the goal of reaching 2.8 million uncircumcised men by 2015. In a 2010 campaign lasting six weeks, five health facilities in Tanzania's Iringa Region performed 10,352 VMMCs, which exceeded the campaign's target by 72%, with an adverse event (AE) rate of 1%. HIV testing was almost universal during the campaign. Through the adoption of approaches designed to improve clinical efficiency-including the use of the forceps-guided surgical method, the use of multiple beds in an assembly line by surgical teams, and task shifting and task sharing-the campaign matched the supply of VMMC services with demand. Community mobilization and bringing client preparation tasks (such as counseling, testing, and client scheduling) out of the facility and into the community helped to generate demand. This case study suggests that a campaign approach can be used to provide high-volume quality VMMC services without compromising client safety, and provides a model for matching supply and demand for VMMC services in other settings. 相似文献
72.
Reaction of the ligand N-methyl-N-((6-pivaloylamido-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-(2-pyridylethyl)amine (mpppa) with equimolar amounts of [Cu(H2O)6][ClO4]2 or CuCl2 · 2H2O in MeCN afforded mononuclear copper(II) complexes [Cu(mpppa)][ClO4]2 (1) and [Cu(mpppa)Cl2] (2). Crystal structure analysis reveals CuN3O (two pyridyl, an aliphatic amine, and an amide oxygen) coordination in 1 and CuN3Cl2 (two pyridyl, an aliphatic amine, and two chlorides) coordination in 2. Crystal packing diagram of 1 reveals that one of the perchlorate counteranions provides weak coordination to copper(II) centers and in turn the copper(II) centers assume pseudo-six-coordination, generating 1D chain. Notably, one of the copper(II)-coordinated chloride ions in 2 participates in an intramolecular N–H?Cl interaction. Intermolecular C–H?Cl interactions in the solid state generate helical structure. Spectroscopic (IR, UV–Vis, and EPR) and redox properties of the two complexes have been investigated and compared. 相似文献
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74.
Plum L Rother E Münzberg H Wunderlich FT Morgan DA Hampel B Shanabrough M Janoschek R Könner AC Alber J Suzuki A Krone W Horvath TL Rahmouni K Brüning JC 《Cell metabolism》2007,6(6):431-445
The contribution of different leptin-induced signaling pathways in control of energy homeostasis is only partly understood. Here we show that selective Pten ablation in leptin-sensitive neurons (PtenΔObRb) results in enhanced Pi3k activation in these cells and reduces adiposity by increasing energy expenditure. White adipose tissue (WAT) of PtenΔObRb mice shows characteristics of brown adipose tissue (BAT), reflected by increased mitochondrial content and Ucp1 expression resulting from enhanced leptin-stimulated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in WAT. In contrast, leptin-deficient ob/ob-PtenΔObRb mice exhibit unaltered body weight and WAT morphology compared to ob/ob mice, pointing to a pivotal role of endogenous leptin in control of WAT transdifferentiation. Leanness of PtenΔObRb mice is accompanied by enhanced sensitivity to insulin in skeletal muscle. These data provide direct genetic evidence that leptin-stimulated Pi3k signaling in the CNS regulates energy expenditure via activation of SNA to perigonadal WAT leading to BAT-like differentiation of WAT. 相似文献
75.
S. A. Ranade K. N. Nair Anuj P. Srivastava P. Pushpangadan 《Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants》2009,15(3):211-224
The genus Atalantia Correa is represented in India with four species and two varieties. The infra — generic classification and the species limits in Atalantia are, however, not well defined, due to the occurrence of intermediate forms. Two species, A. racemosa Wight and A. monophylla (L.) DC., are widely distributed, while the third species, A. wightii Tanaka is endemic in the Western Ghats, a well-known biodiversity hotspot. PCR-based methods have been commonly used for the assessment of genetic diversity in plants. We report for the first time the genetic diversity within and between populations of the above three species using two Single Primer Amplification Reaction (SPAR) methods. AMOVA analysis clearly indicates the lesser diversity among the species than within them. The UPGMA tree included all of the doubtful species in one single sub-cluster within the major cluster of A. racemosa and A. wightii, suggesting that these are probably hybrids derived from these two species. At the population level, all A. monophylla populations grouped together in a cluster that was clearly separated from all other species and populations.Key words: AMOVA, Atalantia, diversity, PCA, Rutaceae, SPAR methods, Western Ghats 相似文献
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77.
Dispersal distances of 17 species of butterflies in tropical Singapore were significantly greater in forest than in urban habitat. Butterflies in urban plots frequently moved within suitable habitat (park/grassland) patches but rarely crossed non-habitat patches suggesting potential isolation and a need for urban corridors. 相似文献
78.
Villa NY Moussatche P Chamberlin SG Kumar A Lyons TJ 《Journal of molecular evolution》2011,73(3-4):134-152
Proteins belonging to the Progestin and AdipoQ Receptor (PAQR) superfamily of membrane bound receptors are ubiquitously found in fungi. Nearly, all fungi possess two evolutionarily distinct paralogs of PAQR protein, which we have called the PQRA and PQRB subtypes. In the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these subtypes are represented by the Izh2p and Izh3p proteins, respectively. S. cerevisiae also possesses two additional PQRA-type receptors called Izh1p and Izh4p that are restricted to other species within the "Saccharomyces complex". Izh2p has been the subject of several recent investigations and is of particular interest because it regulates fungal growth in response to proteins produced by plants and, as such, represents a new paradigm for interspecies communication. We demonstrate that IZH2 and IZH3 gene dosage affects resistance to polyene antifungal drugs. Moreover, we provide additional evidence that Izh2p and Izh3p negatively regulate fungal filamentation. These data suggest that agonists of these receptors might make antifungal therapeutics, either by inhibiting fungal development or by sensitizing fungi to the toxic effects of current antifungal therapies. This is particularly relevant for pathogenic fungi such as Candida glabrata that are closely related to S. cerevisiae and contain the same complement of PAQR receptors. 相似文献
79.
Sahar Keshvari Melanie Caruso Ngari Teakle Lena Batoon Anuj Sehgal Omkar L. Patkar Michelle Ferrari-Cestari Cameron E. Snell Chen Chen Alex Stevenson Felicity M. Davis Stephen J. Bush Clare Pridans Kim M. Summers Allison R. Pettit Katharine M. Irvine David A. Hume 《PLoS genetics》2021,17(6)
Homozygous mutation of the Csf1r locus (Csf1rko) in mice, rats and humans leads to multiple postnatal developmental abnormalities. To enable analysis of the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic impacts of Csf1r mutation, we bred a rat Csf1rko allele to the inbred dark agouti (DA) genetic background and to a Csf1r-mApple reporter transgene. The Csf1rko led to almost complete loss of embryonic macrophages and ablation of most adult tissue macrophage populations. We extended previous analysis of the Csf1rko phenotype to early postnatal development to reveal impacts on musculoskeletal development and proliferation and morphogenesis in multiple organs. Expression profiling of 3-week old wild-type (WT) and Csf1rko livers identified 2760 differentially expressed genes associated with the loss of macrophages, severe hypoplasia, delayed hepatocyte maturation, disrupted lipid metabolism and the IGF1/IGF binding protein system. Older Csf1rko rats developed severe hepatic steatosis. Consistent with the developmental delay in the liver Csf1rko rats had greatly-reduced circulating IGF1. Transfer of WT bone marrow (BM) cells at weaning without conditioning repopulated resident macrophages in all organs, including microglia in the brain, and reversed the mutant phenotypes enabling long term survival and fertility. WT BM transfer restored osteoclasts, eliminated osteopetrosis, restored bone marrow cellularity and architecture and reversed granulocytosis and B cell deficiency. Csf1rko rats had an elevated circulating CSF1 concentration which was rapidly reduced to WT levels following BM transfer. However, CD43hi non-classical monocytes, absent in the Csf1rko, were not rescued and bone marrow progenitors remained unresponsive to CSF1. The results demonstrate that the Csf1rko phenotype is autonomous to BM-derived cells and indicate that BM contains a progenitor of tissue macrophages distinct from hematopoietic stem cells. The model provides a unique system in which to define the pathways of development of resident tissue macrophages and their local and systemic roles in growth and organ maturation. 相似文献
80.
Maryañska-Nadachowska A 《Cytogenetic and genome research》2004,106(2-4):210-214
In the hemipteroid insects of the suborder Sternorrhyncha, B chromosomes are relatively common in comparison with other suborders of Hemiptera. However, the occurrence of supernumerary chromosomes is restricted, in most cases, to several genera or closely related species. At least in some species of Psylloidea with the XY sex determination system, a mitotically stable B chromosome integrated into an achiasmatic segregation system with the X, and became fixed as a Y chromosome. In some Aphidoidea with a multiple X system of sex determination, B chromosomes appear to be in fact non-functional X chromosomes. Supernumerary chromosomes thus probably play an important role in the evolution of sex determination systems in Sternorrhyncha. 相似文献