Which Factors Affect the Success or Failure of Eradication Campaigns against Alien Species?

Although issues related to the management of invasive alien species are receiving increasing attention, little is known about which factors affect the likelihood of success of management measures. We applied two data mining techniques, classification trees and boosted trees, to identify factors that relate to the success of management campaigns aimed at eradicating invasive alien invertebrates, plants and plant pathogens. We assembled a dataset of 173 different eradication campaigns against 94 species worldwide, about a half of which (50.9%) were successful. Eradications in man-made habitats, greenhouses in particular, were more likely to succeed than those in (semi-)natural habitats. In man-made habitats the probability of success was generally high in Australasia, while in Europe and the Americas it was higher for local infestations that are easier to deal with, and for international campaigns that are likely to profit from cross-border cooperation. In (semi-) natural habitats, eradication campaigns were more likely to succeed for plants introduced as an ornamental and escaped from cultivation prior to invasion. Averaging out all other factors in boosted trees, pathogens, bacteria and viruses were most, and fungi the least likely to be eradicated; for plants and invertebrates the probability was intermediate. Our analysis indicates that initiating the campaign before the extent of infestation reaches the critical threshold, starting to eradicate within the first four years since the problem has been noticed, paying special attention to species introduced by the cultivation pathway, and applying sanitary measures can substantially increase the probability of eradication success. Our investigations also revealed that information on socioeconomic factors, which are often considered to be crucial for eradication success, is rarely available, and thus their relative importance cannot be evaluated. Future campaigns should carefully document socioeconomic factors to enable tests of their importance.     

The digestive system of the fish ectoparasite Dolops ranarum (Crustacea: Branchiura)

Reconstructions from serial sections reveal that the digestive system consists of a pharynx esophagus, crop, midgut, and rectum. Two main stems from the branched enteral diverticula are connected to the lateral regions of the crop by right rind left arms. Glandular tissue surrounds the enteral diverticula proximally. A strong sphincter separates the crop and midgut, whereas the midgut and rectum are separated by a weak sphincter. Cuboidal epithelium lines the pharynx, esophagus, crop, and rectum, whereas cuboidal and club-shaped epithelia line the midgut. The cuboidal cells possess elongated nuclei and numerous vacuoles, suggesting that absorption takes place in the midgut.     

Über den Einfluß der Kultivierungsbedingungen auf die Farbstoffbildung durch Penicillium-Arten

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß sich die Farbstoffbildung der Penicillium-arten in recht erheblichem Ausmaß durch die Züchtungsbedingungen beeinflussen läßt. Bereits bei der vergleichenden Kultivierung der Pilze in der Oberflächen- und Submerskultur können auffallende Unterschiede beobachtet werden. Ferner konnte durch den Zusatz von Asparagin, Glutaminsäure und Zinksulfat besonders in der Submerskultur die Farbstoffbildung recht erheblich geändert werden. Dabei verhielten sich allerdings die einzelnen Pilze individuell außerordentlich verschieden, so daß keine allgemein gültigen Gesetzmäßigkeiten über die Beeinflußbarkeit des Prozesses abgeleitet werden können. Wohl aber können bestimmte Typen von Fällen aufgestellt werden, denen jeweils eine Reihe von Penicillien zuzuordnen ist.Aus dem vormaligen Institut für Biochemie u. Nahrungsmittelchemie der Deutschen Technischen Hochschule in Prag. — Vgl. auch Diplom-Arbeit H. Kundtner, Prag, März 1945.     

Mikrurgische und mikrochemische Untersuchung der festen Anthocyankörper im Blütenblatt vonPelargonium zonale

Zusammenfassung Die festen Anthocyanausfällungen im Blütenblatt vonPelargonium zonale Meteor wurden auf ihre physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften geprüft.Mit Hilfe des Mikromanipulators konnte festgestellt werden, daß es sich um eine spröde, aber auch irgendwie zähe homogene Masse handelt, die der Nadel ausweicht und, einmal angestochen, in Teilstücke mit zackigem Bruch zerfällt, wobei keine Spur von Farbstoff austritt. Zellsaft von kugellosen Zellen entmischt sich beim Austritt aus der Zelle, während der Zellsaft kugelhältiger Zellen diese Entmischung nicht gibt,Die Frage, ob das feste Anthocyan, abgesehen von seinem Aggregatzustand, mit dem in der Zelle gelösten vollkommen übereinstimmt, muß auf Grund der mikrochemischen Untersuchungen verneint werden. Das Anthocyan der schwarzroten Kugeln zeigt andere chemische Eigenschaften als das im Zellsaft gelöste.Das Verhalten der Kugeln in HNO₃ und Millons Reagens läßt annehmen, daß das Anthocyan hier an einen eiweißreichen Grundkörper gebunden ist. Man könnte dann auch in diesem Falle wie beiGunnera undErythraea von Anthocyanophoren sprechen.     

Embodied narratives of disaster: the expression of bodily experience in Aceh,Indonesia

The devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004 caused massive destruction to coastal Aceh, Indonesia, and left countless numbers of people dead or wounded. This article focuses on the embodied narratives of three Acehnese women who survived the disaster and, like many others in Aceh, told their stories ‘through’ their bodies. A detailed ethnographic account of their narratives reveals how the body stretches temporally between the ‘narrated event’ and the ‘narrative event’, both through the representation of the body in narratives and through the embodied performance of narratives. Moving beyond meaning‐centred analyses of narratives, I argue that the central accomplishment of these narratives is that they convey poignant bodily experiences to others and thereby create a shared, post‐disaster, world. Ultimately, through these embodied narratives of disaster people remake their world, with others, in the wake of its ‘unmaking’.     

Numerical abundance and biodiversity of below-ground taxocenes along a pH gradient across the Netherlands

Aim Taxocenes are regulated by different kinds of predictors, but can broad‐scale patterns of prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (such as fungi and invertebrates) be ascribed to soil acidity? We sought to test for relationships between the numerical abundances of bacteria, microfungi, nematodes and arthropods along a pH gradient. Location 284 agro‐ecosystems on Pleistocene sand across the Netherlands. Methods Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and stepwise regressions were applied, using soil‐ and leaf‐litter organisms sampled from a land‐cover network. Results The major variation in the numerical abundance of the organisms belonging to the investigated taxocenes could be ascribed to soil acidity. Contrary to expectations, the effects of temperature on numerical abundance were significant only for Fungi and Nematoda (P < 0.0001). Geographical co‐ordinates always play a minor role. The often‐suggested close correlation between the numerical abundance of eukaryotes and their local taxonomic diversity applied only to Arthropoda and Fungi (P < 0.00001). Only the number of bacterial DNA bands seemed to reflect the taxa–area relationship (F‐value = 22.45, P < 0.0001). Main conclusions There were strong relationships between the numerical abundances of all the investigated taxocenes and the field‐measured soil acidity (P < 0.0001). The largest effects were detected in the Fungi, which tended to be much more acid‐tolerant than Bacteria. These patterns imply ecological shifts in the detrital soil food web and deserve further investigation.     

Laboratory evolution of Pyrococcus furiosus alcohol dehydrogenase to improve the production of (2S,5S)-hexanediol at moderate temperatures

There is considerable interest in the use of enantioselective alcohol dehydrogenases for the production of enantio- and diastereomerically pure diols, which are important building blocks for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and fine chemicals. Due to the need for a stable alcohol dehydrogenase with activity at low-temperature process conditions (30°C) for the production of (2S,5S)-hexanediol, we have improved an alcohol dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (AdhA). A stable S-selective alcohol dehydrogenase with increased activity at 30°C on the substrate 2,5-hexanedione was generated by laboratory evolution on the thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase AdhA. One round of error-prone PCR and screening of ∼1,500 mutants was performed. The maximum specific activity of the best performing mutant with 2,5-hexanedione at 30°C was tenfold higher compared to the activity of the wild-type enzyme. A 3D-model of AdhA revealed that this mutant has one mutation in the well-conserved NADP(H)-binding site (R11L), and a second mutation (A180V) near the catalytic and highly conserved threonine at position 183.     

Isomer distribution and structure of (2,2′-biphenyldiolato)bis(β-diketonato)titanium(IV) complexes: A single crystal X-ray, solution NMR and computational study

Novel dichlorobis(β-diketonato)titanium(IV) Ti(C₆H₅COCHCOR)₂Cl₂ and (2,2′-biphenyldiolato)bis(β-diketonato)titanium(IV) Ti(C₆H₅COCHCOR)₂biphen complexes with R = CH₃, C₆H₅ and CF₃, are synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography and further physical methods. There is a good agreement between DFT calculated and experimental structural data. A configurational analysis gives a calculated isomer distribution that is in agreement with the experimental data derived from low temperature ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The Ti(C₆H₅COCHCOR)₂biphen complexes exhibit high hydrolytic stability.     

Quantitative detection of the oil-degrading bacterium Acinetobacter sp. strain MUB1 by hybridization probe based real-time PCR

Quantitative detection of the oil-degrading bacterium Acinetobacter sp. strain MUB1 was performed using the SoilMaster^™ DNA Extraction Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wisconsin) and hybridization probe based real-time PCR. The detection target was the alkane hydroxylase gene (alkM). Standard curve construction showed a linear relation between log values of cell concentrations and real-time PCR threshold cycles over five orders of magnitude between 5.4±3.0×10⁶ and 5.4±3.0×10² CFU ml⁻¹ cell suspension. The detection limit was about 540 CFU ml⁻¹, which was ten times more sensitive than conventional PCR. The quantification of Acinetobacter sp. strain MUB1 cells in soil samples resulted in 46.67%, 82.41%, and 87.59% DNA recovery with a detection limit of 5.4±3.0×10⁴ CFU g⁻¹ dry soil. In this study, a method was developed for the specific, sensitive, and rapid quantification of the Acinetobacter sp. strain MUB1 in soil samples.