Iridoid glucosides in fouquieriaceae

From three Fouquieria sp. 12 iridoid glucosides were isolated and identified. Eight of these were structurally related to galioside (monotropein methylester), while four were hydroxy substitution products of deoxyloganin. In three cases the glucoside occurred together with the corresponding 10-O-acetate.     

Inositol- and Galactose-Binding Lectins of Chicken Brain Fractions Enriched with Glial Cells

Galactose- and inositol-binding proteins with lectin activity (GL-GAL and GL-I, respectively) were isolated from membranes enriched with cells of chicken brain fractions. Both lectins are glycoproteins of molecular mass 13.5 and 11.5 kDa, respectively; they show a high affinity to EDTA (GL-I) and EGTA (GL-GAL, GL-I), which indicates an important role of Ca⁺² in molecular organization of these lectins. In brain glial cells of chick embryos, unlike adult chickens, a soluble form of lectins has been revealed; it is easily extracted with 2 mM EDTA and shows sensitivity to L-lactose, D-galactose, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. It is suggested that in the course of embryonal and postembryonal development of the chicken brain, a transformation and qualitative changes of the lectin spectrum occur due to a change of function of glial cells.     

Tool-use by a rook (Corvus frugilegus), and its causation

A young captive rook, Corvus frugilegus, inserted a plug into a plug-hole in its aviary floor so that a pool of water formed, which was used by all four rooks in the aviary for drinking and bathing. The bird was selective about which, of six holes, it chose for insertion of the tool, choosing the appropriate one with respect to the water source. Days on which attempted or successful tool-use occurred were drier than other days, and days of successful tool-uses were also warmer. Availability of fresh water to the birds did not influence the occurrence of tool-use.