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771.
Susana Toboso‐Chavero Ana Nadal Anna Petit‐Boix Oriol Pons Gara Villalba Xavier Gabarrell Alejandro Josa Joan Rieradevall 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2019,23(4):767-780
Cities are rapidly growing and need to look for ways to optimize resource consumption. Metropolises are especially vulnerable in three main systems, often referred to as the FEW (i.e., food, energy, and water) nexus. In this context, urban rooftops are underutilized areas that might be used for the production of these resources. We developed the Roof Mosaic approach, which combines life cycle assessment with two rooftop guidelines, to analyze the technical feasibility and environmental implications of producing food and energy, and harvesting rainwater on rooftops through different combinations at different scales. To illustrate, we apply the Roof Mosaic approach to a densely populated neighborhood in a Mediterranean city. The building‐scale results show that integrating rainwater harvesting and food production would avoid relatively insignificant emissions (13.9–18.6 kg CO2 eq/inhabitant/year) in the use stage, but their construction would have low environmental impacts. In contrast, the application of energy systems (photovoltaic or solar thermal systems) combined with rainwater harvesting could potentially avoid higher CO2 eq emissions (177–196 kg CO2 eq/inhabitant/year) but generate higher environmental burdens in the construction phase. When applied at the neighborhood scale, the approach can be optimized to meet between 7% and 50% of FEW demands and avoid up to 157 tons CO2 eq/year. This approach is a useful guide to optimize the FEW nexus providing a range of options for the exploitation of rooftops at the local scale, which can aid cities in becoming self‐sufficient, optimizing resources, and reducing CO2 eq emissions. 相似文献
772.
773.
Kristine von Bargen Mirella Scraba Ina Krmer Maren Ketterer Christian Nehls Sina Krokowski Urska Repnik Michaela Wittlich Anna Maaser Pia Zapka Madeleine Bunge Martin Schlesinger Gitta Huth Annette Klees Philipp Hansen Andreas Jeschke Gerd Bendas Olaf Utermhlen Gareth Griffiths Thomas Gutsmann Jens Wohlmann Albert Haas 《Cellular microbiology》2019,21(1)
Professional phagocytic cells such as macrophages are a central part of innate immune defence. They ingest microorganisms into membrane‐bound compartments (phagosomes), which acidify and eventually fuse with lysosomes, exposing their contents to a microbicidal environment. Gram‐positive Rhodococcus equi can cause pneumonia in young foals and in immunocompromised humans. The possession of a virulence plasmid allows them to subvert host defence mechanisms and to multiply in macrophages. Here, we show that the plasmid‐encoded and secreted virulence‐associated protein A (VapA) participates in exclusion of the proton‐pumping vacuolar‐ATPase complex from phagosomes and causes membrane permeabilisation, thus contributing to a pH‐neutral phagosome lumen. Using fluorescence and electron microscopy, we show that VapA is also transferred from phagosomes to lysosomes where it permeabilises the limiting membranes for small ions such as protons. This permeabilisation process is different from that of known membrane pore formers as revealed by experiments with artificial lipid bilayers. We demonstrate that, at 24 hr of infection, virulent R. equi is contained in a vacuole, which is enriched in lysosome material, yet possesses a pH of 7.2 whereas phagosomes containing a vapA deletion mutant have a pH of 5.8 and those with virulence plasmid‐less sister strains have a pH of 5.2. Experimentally neutralising the macrophage endocytic system allows avirulent R. equi to multiply. This observation is mirrored in the fact that virulent and avirulent R. equi multiply well in extracts of purified lysosomes at pH 7.2 but not at pH 5.1. Together these data indicate that the major function of VapA is to generate a pH‐neutral and hence growth‐promoting intracellular niche. VapA represents a new type of Gram‐positive virulence factor by trafficking from one subcellular compartment to another, affecting membrane permeability, excluding proton‐pumping ATPase, and consequently disarming host defences. 相似文献
774.
Claudia Demarta‐Gatsi Anna Rivkin Vincenzo Di Bartolo Roger Peronet Shuai Ding Pierre‐Henri Commere Franois Guillonneau Jacques Bellalou Sbastien Brûl Paula Abou Karam Sidney R. Cohen Thibault Lagache Chris J. Janse Neta Regev‐Rudzki Salaheddine Mcheri 《Cellular microbiology》2019,21(7)
Protozoan pathogens secrete nanosized particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) to facilitate their survival and chronic infection. Here, we show the inhibition by Plasmodium berghei NK65 blood stage‐derived EVs of the proliferative response of CD4+ T cells in response to antigen presentation. Importantly, these results were confirmed in vivo by the capacity of EVs to diminish the ovalbumin‐specific delayed type hypersensitivity response. We identified two proteins associated with EVs, the histamine releasing factor (HRF) and the elongation factor 1α (EF‐1α) that were found to have immunosuppressive activities. Interestingly, in contrast to WT parasites, EVs from genetically HRF‐ and EF‐1α‐deficient parasites failed to inhibit T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. At the level of T cells, we demonstrated that EVs from WT parasites dephosphorylate key molecules (PLCγ1, Akt, and ERK) of the T cell receptor signalling cascade. Remarkably, immunisation with EF‐1α alone or in combination with HRF conferred a long‐lasting antiparasite protection and immune memory. In conclusion, we identified a new mechanism by which P. berghei‐derived EVs exert their immunosuppressive functions by altering T cell responses. The identification of two highly conserved immune suppressive factors offers new conceptual strategies to overcome EV‐mediated immune suppression in malaria‐infected individuals. 相似文献
775.
Furong Liu Megan McDonald Benjamin Schwessinger Anna Joe Rory Pruitt Teresa Erickson Xiuxiang Zhao Valley Stewart Pamela C. Ronald 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2019,20(5):656-672
The rice XA21-mediated immune response is activated on recognition of the RaxX peptide produced by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The 60-residue RaxX precursor is post-translationally modified to form a sulfated tyrosine peptide that shares sequence and functional similarity with the plant sulfated tyrosine (PSY) peptide hormones. The 5-kb raxX-raxSTAB gene cluster of Xoo encodes RaxX, the RaxST tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase, and the RaxA and RaxB components of a predicted type I secretion system. To assess raxX-raxSTAB gene cluster evolution and to determine its phylogenetic distribution, we first identified rax gene homologues in other genomes. We detected the complete raxX-raxSTAB gene cluster only in Xanthomonas spp., in five distinct lineages in addition to X. oryzae. The phylogenetic distribution of the raxX-raxSTAB gene cluster is consistent with the occurrence of multiple lateral (horizontal) gene transfer events during Xanthomonas speciation. RaxX natural variants contain a restricted set of missense substitutions, as expected if selection acts to maintain peptide hormone-like function. Indeed, eight RaxX variants tested all failed to activate the XA21-mediated immune response, yet retained peptide hormone activity. Together, these observations support the hypothesis that the XA21 receptor evolved specifically to recognize Xoo RaxX. 相似文献
776.
Anna P. Florentino Inês A. C. Pereira Sjef Boeren Michael van den Born Alfons J. M. Stams Irene Sánchez-Andrea 《Environmental microbiology》2019,21(1):209-225
Many questions regarding proteins involved in microbial sulfur metabolism remain unsolved. For sulfur respiration at low pH, the terminal electron acceptor is still unclear. Desulfurella amilsii is a sulfur-reducing bacterium that respires elemental sulfur (S0) or thiosulfate, and grows by S0 disproportionation. Due to its versatility, comparative studies on D. amilsii may shed light on microbial sulfur metabolism. Requirement of physical contact between cells and S0 was analyzed. Sulfide production decreased by around 50% when S0 was trapped in dialysis membranes, suggesting that contact between cells and S0 is beneficial, but not strictly needed. Proteome analysis was performed under the aforementioned conditions. A Mo-oxidoreductase suggested from genome analysis to act as sulfur reductase was not detected in any growth condition. Thiosulfate and sulfite reductases showed increased abundance in thiosulfate-reducing cultures, while rhodanese-like sulfurtransferases were highly abundant in all conditions. DsrE and DsrL were abundantly detected during thiosulfate reduction, suggesting a modified mechanism of sulfite reduction. Proteogenomics suggest a different disproportionation pathway from what has been reported. This work points to an important role of rhodaneses in sulfur processes and these proteins should be considered in searches for sulfur metabolism in broader fields like meta-omics. 相似文献
777.
778.
Jos C. E. Serrano Juan Antonio Baena‐Fustegueras Meritxell Martin‐Gari Helene Rassendren Anna Cassanye Alba Naudí Carolina Lpez‐Cano Enric Snchez María Cruz de la Fuente‐Jurez Fernando Herrerías Gonzlez Jorge J. Olsina Kissler Albert Lecube Manuel Portero‐Otín 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2019,27(7):1133-1140
779.
Justyna Sulej Monika Osińska-Jaroszuk Magdalena Jaszek Marcin Grąz Jolanta Kutkowska Anna Pawlik Agata Chudzik Renata Bancerz 《Fungal biology》2019,123(12):875-886
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH, EC 1.1.99.18) is a glycoprotein having many biotechnological applications. In the present study, CDHs isolated from Phlebia lindtneri (PlCDH), Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PchCDH), Cerrena unicolor (CuCDH), and Pycnoporus sanguineus (PsCDH) were studied the first time for their ability to generate antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. The aim of the research was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of systems composed of four CDHs and lactose or cellobiose as a reaction substrate. The free radical scavenging effect of free and immobilised enzymes was evaluated using the DPPH method. The lowest values of EC50 (10.04 ± 0.75 /ml) was noted for PlCDH/lactose and for PlCDH/cellobiose (12.06 ± 1.35 /ml). The EC50value reached 12.6 ± 1.51 /ml in the case of PsCDH/lactose and 15.96 ± 1.35 for PsCDH. The CDH preparations were also effectively immobilised in alginate (the immobilisation efficiency expressed as a protein yield ranged from 61.6 to 100 %). The operational stability expressed as a scavenging effect showed the possibility of using the alginate beads 4 times. Both the free and immobilised CDHs as well as the CDH/substrate were tested against Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria. All samples, except PlCDH, were potentially effective in suppression of bacterial growth. The highest percentage of inhibition (100 %) was obtained for S. aureus bacteria using PsCDH and PchCDH with lactose as a substrate, whereas a slightly lesser effect was observed for E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacterial cells, i.e. 64.1 % and 86.5 % (PsCDH) and 94.1 % and 41.4 % (PchCDH), respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of the reaction products (aldonic acids and hydrogen peroxide) were quantified and the surface morphology of the alginate beads was analysed using SEM visualisation. 相似文献
780.
Zachary A. Bornholdt Andrew S. Herbert Chad E. Mire Shihua He Robert W. Cross Anna Z. Wec Dafna M. Abelson Joan B. Geisbert Rebekah M. James Md Niaz Rahim Wenjun Zhu Viktoriya Borisevich Logan Banadyga Bronwyn M. Gunn Krystle N. Agans Ariel S. Wirchnianski Eileen Goodwin Kevin Tierney John M. Dye 《Cell host & microbe》2019,25(1):49-58.e5