Superoxide dismutase is upregulated in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Staphylococcus aureus</Emphasis> following protoporphyrin-mediated photodynamic inactivation and does not directly influence the response to photodynamic treatment

Background  

Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen causes a wide range of disease syndromes. The most dangerous are methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, resistant not only to all β-lactam antibiotics but also to other antimicrobials. An alarming increase in antibiotic resistance spreading among pathogenic bacteria inclines to search for alternative therapeutic options, for which resistance can not be developed easily. Among others, photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of S. aureus is a promising option. Photodynamic inactivation is based on a concept that a non toxic chemical, called a photosensitizer upon excitation with light of an appropriate wavelength is activated. As a consequence singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species (e.g. superoxide anion) are produced, which are responsible for the cytotoxic effect towards bacterial cells. As strain-dependence in photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus was observed, determination of the molecular marker(s) underlying the mechanism of the bacterial response to PDI treatment would be of great clinical importance. We examined the role of superoxide dismutases (Sod) in photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus as enzymes responsible for oxidative stress resistance.     

Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpX Interacts with FtsZ and Interferes with FtsZ Assembly

FtsZ assembly at the midcell division site in the form of a Z-ring is crucial for initiation of the cell division process in eubacteria. It is largely unknown how this process is regulated in the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we show that the expression of clpX was upregulated upon macrophage infection and exposure to cephalexin antibiotic, the conditions where FtsZ-ring assembly is delayed. Independently, we show using pull-down, solid-phase binding, bacterial two-hybrid and mycobacterial protein fragment complementation assays, that M. tuberculosis FtsZ interacts with ClpX, the substrate recognition domain of the ClpXP protease. Incubation of FtsZ with ClpX increased the critical concentration of GTP-dependent polymerization of FtsZ. Immunoblotting revealed that the intracellular ratio of ClpX to FtsZ in wild type M. tuberculosis is approximately 1∶2. Overproduction of ClpX increased cell length and modulated the localization of FtsZ at midcell sites; however, intracellular FtsZ levels were unaffected. A ClpX-CFP fusion protein localized to the cell poles and midcell sites and colocalized with the FtsZ-YFP protein. ClpX also interacted with FtsZ mutant proteins defective for binding to and hydrolyzing GTP and possibly for interactions with other proteins. Taken together, our results suggest that M. tuberculosis ClpX interacts stoichiometrically with FtsZ protomers, independent of its nucleotide-bound state and negatively regulates FtsZ activities, hence cell division.     

Bifunctional indole-3-acetyl transferase catalyses synthesis and hydrolysis of indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol in immature endosperm of Zea mays

1- O -(indole-3-acetyl)- β - d -glucose: myo -inositol indoleacetyl transferase (IA- myo -inositol synthase) is an important enzyme in IAA metabolism. This enzyme catalyses the transfer of the indole acetyl (IA) moiety from 1- O -(indole-3-acetyl)- β - d -glucose to myo -inositol to form IA- myo- inositol and glucose. IA- myo -inositol synthase was purified to an electrophoretically homogenous state from maize liquid endosperm by fractionation with ammonium sulphate, anion-exchange, adsorption on hydroxylapatite, affinity chromatography on ConA-Sepharose, preparative PAGE and isoelectric focusing. We thus obtained two enzyme preparations which differ in their R _f on 8% polyacrylamide gel. The preparation of R _f 0.36 contained a single 56.4 kDa polypeptide, whereas the preparation of R _f 0.39 consisted of two polypeptides of 56.4 and 53.5 kDa. Both purified preparations of IAInos synthase also exhibited the activity of an IAInos hydrolase, showing that the dual activity was associated with a single protein. Results of gel filtration and analytical SDS-PAGE suggest that the native enzyme exists as both a monomeric (65 kDa) and homo- or heterodimeric form (110–130 kDa). Analysis of peptide maps and amino acid sequences of two 21 amino-acid peptides showed that polypeptides of 56.4 and 53.5 kDa have the same primary structure and that the 3 kDa difference in molecular mass is probably caused by different glycosylation levels. Comparison of this partial and internal amino acid sequence with sequences of other plant acyltransferases indicated similarity to several proteins which belonged to the serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) acyltransferase family.     

Conformer-specific and two-fold adiabatic photoisomerization of ZZ-1,4-di-(2-quinolylethenyl)benzene.

Irradiation of the ZZ stereoisomer of 1,4-di-(2'-quinolylethenyl)-benzene was found to cause direct adiabatic (one photon-two bond) isomerization to a product having the same lifetime as the EE isomer but a rather different spectrum with respect to that obtained by direct excitation of the EE one. To clarify this unexpected behaviour, the conformational equilibria of the EE stereoisomer have been studied in non-polar solvent by fluorimetry. The most abundant conformers, formed by the hindered rotation of the condensed-ring groups around the quasi-single bond with the ethenic carbons, have been characterized by the selective effect of the excitation energy on the fluorescence spectrum. The combined application of the principal component analysis allowed the separation of the spectral properties of three conformers to be achieved. Information on their structures was obtained by theoretical calculations. The results of the present conformational study clearly indicated that the fluorescence spectrum of the photoproduct of ZZ belongs to a specific component of the conformer mixture of the EE isomer.     

Application of carbon balance to submerged citric acid production by Aspergillus niger

Summary In an air-lift fermenter, the following production was obtained from 125 g sucrose in mineral medium at pH 2.5 : 15.76 g mycelium dry wt, 107.2 g citric acid anhydrous and 0.594 mol CO₂ within 138 h (run I) and 13.72 g mycelium dry wt, 114.28 g citric acid and 0.516 mol CO₂ within 144 h (run II). Initially, the carbon content of consumed sugar and products did not balance. At the end of fermentation, the carbon content of the products was 0.9%–5.5% higher than that of the consumed sugar. For the purpose of the calculations the carbon content in mycelium was accepted as 0.462.The work was a part of Project No 04.11 CPBP, topic No 2.24     

Free and conjugated gibberellins in dormancy and germination of apple seeds

Halińska, A. and Lewak, St. 1987. Free and conjugated gibberellins in dormancy and germination of apple seeds.
The presence of gibberellin A₄ (GA₄) was confirmed in partly stratified seeds of apple ( Malus domestica Borb., cv. Antonówka) by mass spectrometry of the methyl ester. Levels of free and conjugated gibberellins A₄₊₇ and A₉ changed during drying of mature seeds, during cold and warm stratification, as well as during germination of dormant and non-dormant embryos. The temporary rise in GA₄₊₇ during cold stratification and during the culture of dormant embryos as well as the lack of it under conditions of warm stratification, allowed us to postulate a role for GA₄₊₇ in the removal of dormancy. In addition, GA₉ was absent in dormant embryos and increased during cold stratification and during the culture of non-dormant embryos. This suggests the involvement of GA₉, in induction of normal development of the seedling. The equivalence between changes in free and conjugated GAs suggests that formation and hydrolysis of conjugates are involved in the control of the physiologically active levels of free GA₄₊₇ and GA₉.     

Electron microscopy of single-stranded structures in the DNA of competent Haemophilus influenzae cells.

Chromosomal DNAs from exponential-phase and competent cells of Haemophilus influenzae were examined by electron microscopy to determine whether the chromosome undergoes structural changes during competence development. Single-stranded gaps and single-stranded tails formed in chromosomal DNA during competence development. The generation of gaps was dependent on the rec-2 function. Since the rec-2 mutant is defective in the translocation of donor DNA, it was inferred that the gaps were involved in the translocation step of transformation. The generation of single-stranded tails was independent of the rec-1 and rec-2 genes. Therefore, these structures were assumed to play no direct role in the interaction of donor and recipient DNAs during transformation. Gaps were preferentially associated with a readily denaturable, possibly A + T-rich fraction of the genome. This finding raised the possibility that hot spots for transformation might be associated with A + T-rich DNA.