Synthesis of 2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluoro-3'-thioarabinothymidine and its 3'-phosphoramidite derivative

An efficient method for the synthesis of 5'-O-monomethoxytrityl-2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluoro-3'-thioarabinothymidine [(5'MMT)araF-T(3'SH), (5)] and its 3'-phosphoramidite derivative (6) suitable for automated incorporation into oligonucleotides, is demonstrated. A key step in the synthesis involves reaction of 5'-O-MMT-2,3'-O-anhydrothymidine (4) (Eleuteri, A.; Reese, C.B.; Song, Q. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 2237 pp.) with sodium thioacetate to give (5'-MMT)araF-T(3'SAc) (5) (Elzagheid, M.I.; Mattila, K.; Oivanen, M.; Jones, B.C.N.M.; Cosstick, L?nnberg, H. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 1987-1991). This nucleoside was then converted to its corresponding phosphoramidite derivative, 6, as described previously ((a) Sun, S.; Yoshida, A.; Piccirilli, J.A. RNA, 1997, 3, 1352-1363; (b) Matulic-Adamic, J.; Beigelman, L. Helvetica Chemica Acta 1999, 82, 2141-2150: (c) Fettes, K.J.; O'Neil, I.; Roberts, S.M.; Cosstick, R. Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucl. Acids 2001, 20, 1351-1354).     

Comparability of Mixed IC50 Data – A Statistical Analysis

The biochemical half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) is the most commonly used metric for on-target activity in lead optimization. It is used to guide lead optimization, build large-scale chemogenomics analysis, off-target activity and toxicity models based on public data. However, the use of public biochemical IC₅₀ data is problematic, because they are assay specific and comparable only under certain conditions. For large scale analysis it is not feasible to check each data entry manually and it is very tempting to mix all available IC₅₀ values from public database even if assay information is not reported. As previously reported for K_i database analysis, we first analyzed the types of errors, the redundancy and the variability that can be found in ChEMBL IC₅₀ database. For assessing the variability of IC₅₀ data independently measured in two different labs at least ten IC₅₀ data for identical protein-ligand systems against the same target were searched in ChEMBL. As a not sufficient number of cases of this type are available, the variability of IC₅₀ data was assessed by comparing all pairs of independent IC₅₀ measurements on identical protein-ligand systems. The standard deviation of IC₅₀ data is only 25% larger than the standard deviation of K_i data, suggesting that mixing IC₅₀ data from different assays, even not knowing assay conditions details, only adds a moderate amount of noise to the overall data. The standard deviation of public ChEMBL IC₅₀ data, as expected, resulted greater than the standard deviation of in-house intra-laboratory/inter-day IC₅₀ data. Augmenting mixed public IC₅₀ data by public K_i data does not deteriorate the quality of the mixed IC₅₀ data, if the K_i is corrected by an offset. For a broad dataset such as ChEMBL database a K_i- IC₅₀ conversion factor of 2 was found to be the most reasonable.     

B-Type Natriuretic Peptide-Induced Delayed Modulation of TRPV1 and P2X3 Receptors of Mouse Trigeminal Sensory Neurons

Important pain transducers of noxious stimuli are small- and medium-diameter sensory neurons that express transient receptor vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels and/or adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X3 receptors whose activity is upregulated by endogenous neuropeptides in acute and chronic pain models. Little is known about the role of endogenous modulators in restraining the expression and function of TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors. In dorsal root ganglia, evidence supports the involvement of the natriuretic peptide system in the modulation of nociceptive transmission especially via the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) that activates the natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) to downregulate sensory neuron excitability. Since the role of BNP in trigeminal ganglia (TG) is unclear, we investigated the expression of BNP in mouse TG in situ or in primary cultures and its effect on P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors of patch-clamped cultured neurons. Against scant expression of BNP, almost all neurons expressed NPR-A at membrane level. While BNP rapidly increased cGMP production and Akt kinase phosphorylation, there was no early change in passive neuronal properties or responses to capsaicin, α,β-meATP or GABA. Nonetheless, 24 h application of BNP depressed TRPV1 mediated currents (an effect blocked by the NPR-A antagonist anantin) without changing responses to α,β-meATP or GABA. Anantin alone decreased basal cGMP production and enhanced control α,β-meATP-evoked responses, implying constitutive regulation of P2X3 receptors by ambient BNP. These data suggest a slow modulatory action by BNP on TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors outlining the role of this peptide as a negative regulator of trigeminal sensory neuron excitability to nociceptive stimuli.     

Cryptic diversity and unexpected evolutionary patterns in the meadow lizard,Darevskia praticola (Eversmann, 1834)

Darevskia praticola differs from the other species of the genus in having a large but disjunct distribution, covering the Balkan and the Caucasus regions. Furthermore, most Darevskia species occupy saxicolous habitats, whereas D. praticola inhabits meadows and forest environments. Here we determine the phylogeographic and phylogenetic relationships of Darevskia praticola sensu lato and evaluate the current, morphology-based taxonomy. We sequenced two mtDNA genes (Cyt-b and ND4) and two nuclear loci (MC1R and RELN) for samples collected across the species range. Because our sequences amplified with the Cyt-b primers appear to represent a nuclear pseudogene we excluded this marker from the final analysis. Our results support monophyly of D. praticola and show its division into three clades. The first divergence, dated to the Late Pliocene, is between the Balkans and the Caucasus. The Caucasus lineage is further subdivided in a western Greater Caucasus and a Transcaucasia clade, likely due to subsequent differentiation during the Pleistocene. Our findings do not support the current taxonomic arrangement within D. praticola. The main geographic divergence likely happened due to a vicariance event associated with Plio-Pleistocene climatic and vegetation oscillations.     

Genetic and molecular characterization of the human Osteosarcoma 3AB‐OS cancer stem cell line: A possible model for studying osteosarcoma origin and stemness

Finding new treatments targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) within a tumor seems to be critical to halt cancer and improve patient survival. Osteosarcoma is an aggressive tumor affecting adolescents, for which there is no second‐line chemotherapy. Uncovering new molecular mechanisms underlying the development of osteosarcoma and origin of CSCs is crucial to identify new possible therapeutic strategies. Here, we aimed to characterize genetically and molecularly the human osteosarcoma 3AB‐OS CSC line, previously selected from MG63 cells and which proved to have both in vitro and in vivo features of CSCs. Classic cytogenetic studies demonstrated that 3AB‐OS cells have hypertriploid karyotype with 71–82 chromosomes. By comparing 3AB‐OS CSCs to the parental cells, array CGH, Affymetrix microarray, and TaqMan® Human MicroRNA array analyses identified 49 copy number variations (CNV), 3,512 dysregulated genes and 189 differentially expressed miRNAs. Some of the chromosomal abnormalities and mRNA/miRNA expression profiles appeared to be congruent with those reported in human osteosarcomas. Bioinformatic analyses selected 196 genes and 46 anticorrelated miRNAs involved in carcinogenesis and stemness. For the first time, a predictive network is also described for two miRNA family (let‐7/98 and miR‐29a,b,c) and their anticorrelated mRNAs (MSTN, CCND2, Lin28B, MEST, HMGA2, and GHR), which may represent new biomarkers for osteosarcoma and may pave the way for the identification of new potential therapeutic targets. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1189–1201, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Phenomenology of Psychoanalytic Data. A Biosemiotic Framework

In my continuing efforts to build a bridge between psychoanalytic findings and biosemiotics here, as in previous works, ‘biosemiotic’ refers to the hierarchy of meaning-forms (from biological to semiotic-organizations) underlying an updated psychoanalytic model of mind. Within this framework I present a broad range of bio-semiotic phenomena, processes, dynamics, defenses, and universal and unique internalized interpersonal patterns, that in psychoanalysis all commonly fall under the broad heading of the “Unconscious.” Reconceptualized as interpretive data within the purview of a psychoanalytic discourse-semantic this biosemiotic framework posits an epigenetic continuum of human meaning-organizations originating at basic organic levels, moving upward through biological, psycho-somatic and affective expression, proto-semiotic transmissions, represented forms, and finally to explicit linguistic signs and complex symbol systems. In addition to assuming an uninterrupted epigenetic continuum crystallizing in hierarchic organization, this framework accentuates the multilayered and increasingly condensed quality of higher more elaborate organizations of meaning in human communication, drawing attention to persisting biological undercurrents in implied sense, intent, and motivation, all of which impact on repressive/defensive mechanisms. Drawing from previous works (Aragno 1997, 2005, 2008a, b, Psychoanalytic Inquiry 29(1):30–47, 2009, Biosemiotics 3:57–77, 2010, 2011a, Signs 5:71–74, 2011b, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, Centennial Paper, Special Centennial Issue 59(2):239–288, 2011b, Signs 5:29–70, 2011c) in which I labored to update and revise Freud’s first topographical theory of mind, this paper presents the phenomenology of unconscious ‘data’ for the purpose of introducing a diverse range of non-linguistic signifying forms from which psychoanalysts infer mental processes and ‘interpret’ meanings. An important underlying premise regarding psychoanalytic data and its relation to the basic biosemiotic ‘agenda’ is that until grounded in an updated developmental theory of mind inclusive of pre- and proto-semiotic-forms, that is evolutionarily plausible, epistemologically based, and correlates with contemporary neuroscience, the term “sign” is merely an abstract linguistic ‘label’ rather than a mental act with antecedent developmental stages manifesting meanings through different forms and modes of expression. Drawn from the yields of the psychoanalytic method and semantic this revised metatheoretical approach provides insights into the sensory-emotive, bodily origins of unconscious layers of non-linguistic signification thereby expanding our understanding of the formative stages of the ‘semiotic function’ in human evolution. This being the third in a series of papers integrating the yields of psychoanalytic methodology with the underlying premises of ‘Biosemiotics,’ some familiarity with the background knowledge provided in the previous two is strongly recommended.