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81.
Glucosinolates are sulfur-rich secondary metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order. Transport of glucosinolates
was suggested more than 30 years ago through a number of studies which indicated that glucosinolates are produced in maternal
tissue and subsequently transported to the seed. These observations laid the foundation for numerous studies on glucosinolate
transport which have provided a wealth of information on biochemical properties of glucosinolate transport, source–sink relationships
between organs and on the transport routes of glucosinolates. However, most of the conclusions and hypotheses proposed in
these studies have not been discussed in context of each other to provide a complete overview of the current state of knowledge
on glucosinolate transport. In this review, we are thus piecing together the glucosinolate pathway by presenting and critically
analyzing all data on glucosinolate research. Furthermore, the data on glucosinolate transport is considered in the light
of the newest findings on glucosinolate synthesis and distribution. The aim is to provide a comprehensive and updated set
of hypotheses which may prove useful in directing future research on glucosinolate transport. 相似文献
82.
A Deletion Map of cyc1 Mutants and Its Correspondence to Mutationally Altered Iso-1-Cytochromes c of Yeast 下载免费PDF全文
Fred Sherman Mary Jackson Susan W. Liebman Ann Marie Schweingruber John W. Stewart 《Genetics》1975,81(1):51-73
Mutants arising spontaneously from sporulated cultures of certain strains of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contained deletions of the CYC1 gene which controls the primary structure of iso-1-cytochrome c. At least 60 different kinds of deletions were uncovered among the 104 deletions examined and these ranged in length from those encompassing only two adjacent point mutants to those encompassing at least the entire CYC1 gene. X-ray-induced recombination rates of crosses involving these deletions and cyc1 point mutants resulted in the assignment of 211 point mutants to 47 mutational sites and made it possible to unambiguously order 40 of these 47 sites. Except for one mutant, cyc1-15, there was a strict colinear relationship between the deletion map and the positions of 13 sites that were previously determined by amino acid alterations in iso-1-cytochromes c from intragenic revertants. 相似文献
83.
Janovick JA Pogozheva ID Mosberg HI Cornea A Conn PM 《Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)》2012,26(7):1179-1188
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) play central roles in almost all physiological functions, and mutations in GPCR are responsible for over 30 hereditary diseases associated with loss or gain of receptor function. Gain of function mutants are frequently described as having constitutive activity (CA), that is, they activate effectors in the absence of agonist occupancy. Although many GPCR have mutants with CA, the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) was not, until 2010, associated with any CA mutants. The explanation for the failure to observe CA appears to be that the quality control system of the cell recognizes CA mutants of GnRHR as misfolded and retains them in the endoplasmic reticulum. In the present study, we identified several human (h)GnRHR mutants with substitutions in transmembrane helix 6 (F(272)K, F(272)Q, Y(284)F, C(279)A, and C(279)S) that demonstrate varying levels of CA after being rescued by pharmacoperones from different chemical classes and/or deletion of residue K(191), a modification that increases trafficking to the plasma membrane. The movement of the mutants from the endoplasmic reticulum (unrescued) to the plasma membrane (after rescue) is supported by confocal microscopy. Judging from the receptor-stimulated inositol phosphate production, mutants F(272)K and F(272)Q, after rescue, display the largest level of CA, an amount that is comparable with agonist-stimulated activation. Because mutations in other GPCR are, like the hGnRHR, scrutinized by the quality control system, this general approach may reveal CA in receptor mutants from other systems. A computer model of the hGnRHR and these mutants was used to evaluate the conformation associated with CA. 相似文献
84.
RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
Deane R Du Yan S Submamaryan RK LaRue B Jovanovic S Hogg E Welch D Manness L Lin C Yu J Zhu H Ghiso J Frangione B Stern A Schmidt AM Armstrong DL Arnold B Liliensiek B Nawroth P Hofman F Kindy M Stern D Zlokovic B 《Nature medicine》2003,9(7):907-913
Amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) interacts with the vasculature to influence Abeta levels in the brain and cerebral blood flow, providing a means of amplifying the Abeta-induced cellular stress underlying neuronal dysfunction and dementia. Systemic Abeta infusion and studies in genetically manipulated mice show that Abeta interaction with receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-bearing cells in the vessel wall results in transport of Abeta across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and endothelin-1 (ET-1), the latter mediating Abeta-induced vasoconstriction. Inhibition of RAGE-ligand interaction suppresses accumulation of Abeta in brain parenchyma in a mouse transgenic model. These findings suggest that vascular RAGE is a target for inhibiting pathogenic consequences of Abeta-vascular interactions, including development of cerebral amyloidosis. 相似文献
85.
The morph ratio distribution in polymorphic species often varies clinally, with a gradual change in morph ratios across the distributional range of the species. In polymorphic bird populations, clinal variation is rarely quantified. We describe a cline in the morph ratios of Black Sparrowhawks across South Africa, which is principally driven by a higher ratio of dark morph birds in the newly colonized southwest of the country. Across the 1400 km of our cline, the probability of a bird being a dark morph declined from over 80% close to the Cape Peninsula to under 20% in the northeast. Higher frequencies of dark morphs were associated with a higher proportion of rainfall falling during the winter breeding months. Further investigation revealed relationships between the proportion of dark morphs and altitude, amount of rainfall during the breeding months, and an interaction between this variable and temperature. These results provide some support for the suggestion that the higher frequency of dark morphs in the southwest is an adaptive response, rather than the result of a founder effect or genetic drift. These findings also suggest that, in theory, polymorphic species may be better adapted to cope with the challenges of climate change or may be able to expand their ranges more quickly into novel climatic areas, since selection pressure can act on a pre‐existing trait that may be beneficial in new conditions. 相似文献
86.
White MT Griffin JT Riley EM Drakeley CJ Moorman AM Sumba PO Kazura JW Ghani AC John CC 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2011,278(1710):1298-1305
Antibodies to the pre-erythrocytic antigens, circumsporozoite protein (CSP), thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) and liver-stage antigen 1, have been measured in field studies of semi-immune adults and shown to correlate with protection from Plasmodium falciparum infection. A mathematical model is formulated to estimate the probability of sporozoite infection as a function of antibody titres to multiple pre-erythrocytic antigens. The variation in antibody titres from field data was used to estimate the relationship between the probability of P. falciparum infection per infectious mosquito bite and antibody titre. Using this relationship, we predict the effect of vaccinations that boost baseline CSP or TRAP antibody titres. Assuming the estimated relationship applies to vaccine-induced antibody titres, then single-component CSP or TRAP antibody-mediated pre-erythrocytic vaccines are likely to provide partial protection from infection, with vaccine efficacy of approximately 50 per cent depending on the magnitude of the vaccine-induced boost to antibody titres. It is possible that the addition of a TRAP component to a CSP-based vaccine such as RTS,S would provide an increase in infection-blocking efficacy of approximately 25 per cent should the problem of immunological interference between antigens be overcome. 相似文献
87.
An alternative method for serum protein depletion/enrichment by precipitation at mildly acidic pH values and low ionic strength 下载免费PDF全文
Ann‐Kristin Henning Dirk Albrecht Katharina Riedel Thomas C. Mettenleiter Axel Karger 《Proteomics》2015,15(11):1935-1940
Serum proteome analysis is severely hampered by the extreme dynamic range of protein concentrations, but tools for the specific depletion of highly abundant serum proteins lack for most farm and companion animals. A well‐established alternative strategy to reduce the dynamic range of plasma protein concentrations, treatment with combinatorial peptide ligand libraries (CPLL), is generally applicable but requires large amounts of sample. Therefore, additional depletion/enrichment protocols for plasma and serum samples from animals are desirable. In this respect, we have tested a protein precipitate that formed after withdrawal of salt from human, bovine, or porcine serum at pH 4.2. The bovine sample was composed of over 300 proteins making it a potential source for biomarker discovery. Precipitation was highly reproducible and the concentrations of albumin and other highly abundant serum proteins were strongly reduced. In comparison to the CPLL treatment, precipitation did not introduce any selection bias based on hydrophathy or pI. However, the composition of both preparations was partially complementary. Salt withdrawal at pH 4.2 is suggested as additional depletion/enrichment strategy for serum samples. Also, we point out that the removal of precipitates from serum samples under the described conditions bears the risk of losing a valuable protein fraction. 相似文献
88.
Fukami H Chen CA Budd AF Collins A Wallace C Chuang YY Chen C Dai CF Iwao K Sheppard C Knowlton N 《PloS one》2008,3(9):e3222
Modern hard corals (Class Hexacorallia; Order Scleractinia) are widely studied because of their fundamental role in reef building and their superb fossil record extending back to the Triassic. Nevertheless, interpretations of their evolutionary relationships have been in flux for over a decade. Recent analyses undermine the legitimacy of traditional suborders, families and genera, and suggest that a non-skeletal sister clade (Order Corallimorpharia) might be imbedded within the stony corals. However, these studies either sampled a relatively limited array of taxa or assembled trees from heterogeneous data sets. Here we provide a more comprehensive analysis of Scleractinia (127 species, 75 genera, 17 families) and various outgroups, based on two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b), with analyses of nuclear genes (ss-tubulin, ribosomal DNA) of a subset of taxa to test unexpected relationships. Eleven of 16 families were found to be polyphyletic. Strikingly, over one third of all families as conventionally defined contain representatives from the highly divergent "robust" and "complex" clades. However, the recent suggestion that corallimorpharians are true corals that have lost their skeletons was not upheld. Relationships were supported not only by mitochondrial and nuclear genes, but also often by morphological characters which had been ignored or never noted previously. The concordance of molecular characters and more carefully examined morphological characters suggests a future of greater taxonomic stability, as well as the potential to trace the evolutionary history of this ecologically important group using fossils. 相似文献
89.
Julie Hoover-Fong Nara Sobreira Julie Jurgens Peggy Modaff Carrie Blout Ann Moser Ok-Hwa Kim Tae-Joon Cho Sung?Yoon Cho Sang?Jin Kim Dong-Kyu Jin Hiroshi Kitoh Woong-Yang Park Hua Ling Kurt?N. Hetrick Kimberly?F. Doheny David Valle Richard?M. Pauli 《American journal of human genetics》2014,94(1):105-112
90.