Fine Exon–Intron Structure of the Fanconi Anemia Group A (FAA) Gene and Characterization of Two Genomic Deletions

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically heterogeneous disease with at least eight genes on the basis of complementation groups (FAAtoFAH). The analysis of theFAAgene in patients suggested the existence of deletions, none of which have thus far been characterized at the genomic level. A detailed restriction map of theFAAgene with the fine localization of its 43 exons is reported in this paper. We also describe the first two genomic deletions, one of 5.0 kb and another of at least 120 kb. The former was likely the result of a recombination between relatedAlusequences. Since these interspersed repeats could generate deletions and insertions by mispairing, rearrangements of this gene are a possibility in those FA families in whichFAAmutations have not been identified.     

A method for 3D detection of symmetry line in asymmetric postures

The methods for symmetry line detection presented in the literature are typically suited to analyse symmetric upright postures, both standing and seated. The proposed method focuses on the symmetry line detection in subjects assuming asymmetric postures in which this line falls far outside the sagittal plane. The proposed approach evaluates the symmetry line by means of an autoregressive process in order to determine the set of planes suited to slice the back coherently with its geometric spatial configuration. The method is analysed assuming the cutaneous marking as reference and it is compared with a previous one, also developed by these authors. Results are analysed and critically discussed.     

Body Mass Index and Serum Proteomic Profile in Breast Cancer and Healthy Women: A Prospective Study

Epidemiological studies suggest a possible association between BMI, diagnosis and clinical-pathological breast cancer characteristics but biological bases for this relationship still remain to be ascertained. Several biological mechanisms play a role in the genesis and progression of breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate relationships between BMI and breast cancer diagnosis/progression in a Southern Italian population and to try to interpret results according to the serum proteomic profile of healthy and breast cancer patients.BMI, presence or absence of breast cancer and its clinical-pathological characteristics were analyzed in a series of 300 breast cancer women and compared with those of 300 healthy women prospectively. To investigate whether obesity is associated with alterations in serum protein profile, SELDI-ToF approach was applied.Alcohol consumption (22.7% vs 11.3%; p<0.001) and postmenopausal status (65.7% vs 52%; p<0.001) but not BMI resulted significantly different in patients vs controls. Conversely, BMI was significantly associated with a larger-tumour size (BMI> = 30 respect to normal weight: OR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.25–4.99, p = 0.0098) and a higher probability of having positive axillary lymph node (OR = 3.67, CI 95% 2.16–6.23, p<0.0001). Multivariate analysis confirmed the association of breast cancer diagnosis with alcohol consumption (OR = 2.28;CI 1.36–3.83; p<0.0018). Serum protein profile revealed the presence of significant (p-value <0,01) differentially expressed peaks m/z 6934, m/z 5066 in high BMI breast cancer patients vs healthy subjects and m/z 6934, m/z 3346 in high vs low BMI breast cancer patients.The analysis of pathological features of cancer indicates that normal weight women have a significantly higher probability of having a smaller breast cancer at time of diagnosis and negative axillary lymph nodes while increased BMI is associated with an altered protein profile in breast cancer patients. Further studies to identify specific proteins found in the serum and their role in breast cancerogenesis and progression are in progress.     

Structural and Phylogenetic Studies with MjTX-I Reveal a Multi-Oligomeric Toxin – a Novel Feature in Lys49-PLA2s Protein Class

The mortality caused by snakebites is more damaging than many tropical diseases, such as dengue haemorrhagic fever, cholera, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and Chagas disease. For this reason, snakebite envenoming adversely affects health services of tropical and subtropical countries and is recognized as a neglected disease by the World Health Organization. One of the main components of snake venoms is the Lys49-phospholipases A₂, which is catalytically inactive but possesses other toxic and pharmacological activities. Preliminary studies with MjTX-I from Bothrops moojeni snake venom revealed intriguing new structural and functional characteristics compared to other bothropic Lys49-PLA₂s. We present in this article a comprehensive study with MjTX-I using several techniques, including crystallography, small angle X-ray scattering, analytical size-exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, myographic studies, bioinformatics and molecular phylogenetic analyses.Based in all these experiments we demonstrated that MjTX-I is probably a unique Lys49-PLA₂, which may adopt different oligomeric forms depending on the physical-chemical environment. Furthermore, we showed that its myotoxic activity is dramatically low compared to other Lys49-PLA₂s, probably due to the novel oligomeric conformations and important mutations in the C-terminal region of the protein. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that this toxin is clearly distinct from other bothropic Lys49-PLA₂s, in conformity with the peculiar oligomeric characteristics of MjTX-I and possible emergence of new functionalities inresponse to environmental changes and adaptation to new preys.     

Pulsed-field gel analysis of human immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant region gene deletions reveals the extent of unmapped regions within the locus

The human immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant region gene locus is organized in three main gene groups, the physical distances of which are unknown. Different types of gene deletions, originated by unequal crossingover, have been found to encompass one or more genes in the locus. We have analyzed some of these deletions by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which allows resolution of large DNA fragments. By identifying a fragment containing two of the main gene groups and by observing the size reduction of this fragment in subjects with deletions, we were able to estimate the distance between the two groups and better locate the pseudogene in-between.     

Life history and species composition of the damselfly assemblage along the urban tract of a river in central Italy

The species composition of the damselfly assemblage and the life history patterns of two Coenagrionidae (Ischnura elegans and Cercion lindeni) were investigated along the urban tract of a river characterized by increasing organic pollution. The assemblage was dominated by generalist species, usually recorded in lentic habitats, rather than by typical riverine species and the proportion of the latter decrease at the most polluted sites. At the end of Winter, the mean size and in star distribution were different between the sampling sites showing that the life history of both species examined were influenced by a degradation of the environmental quality. A longer reproductive period, absence of diapause, and tolerance of low oxygen concentration appear to be key factors that allow generalist species I. elegans and C. lindeni to predominate at the polluted sites. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Conformation-sensitive antibodies against alzheimer amyloid-beta by immunization with a thioredoxin-constrained B-cell epitope peptide

Immunotherapy against the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide is a valuable potential treatment for Alzheimer disease (AD). An ideal antigen should be soluble and nontoxic, avoid the C-terminally located T-cell epitope of Abeta, and yet be capable of eliciting antibodies that recognize Abeta fibrils and neurotoxic Abeta oligomers but not the physiological monomeric species of Abeta. We have described here the construction and immunological characterization of a recombinant antigen with these features obtained by tandem multimerization of the immunodominant B-cell epitope peptide Abeta1-15 (Abeta15) within the active site loop of bacterial thioredoxin (Trx). Chimeric Trx(Abeta15)n polypeptides bearing one, four, or eight copies of Abeta15 were constructed and injected into mice in combination with alum, an adjuvant approved for human use. All three polypeptides were found to be immunogenic, yet eliciting antibodies with distinct recognition specificities. The anti-Trx(Abeta15)4 antibody, in particular, recognized Abeta42 fibrils and oligomers but not monomers and exhibited the same kind of conformational selectivity against transthyretin, an amyloidogenic protein unrelated in sequence to Abeta. We have also demonstrated that anti-Trx(Abeta15)4, which binds to human AD plaques, markedly reduces Abeta pathology in transgenic AD mice. The data indicate that a conformational epitope shared by oligomers and fibrils can be mimicked by a thioredoxin-constrained Abeta fragment repeat and identify Trx(Abeta15)4 as a promising new tool for AD immunotherapy.     

Mitochondria and Familial Predisposition to Breast Cancer

Mitochondrial genome and functional alterations are related to various diseases including cancer. In all cases, the role of these organelles is associated with defects in oxidative energy metabolism and control of tumor-induced oxidative stress. The present study examines the involvement of mitochondrial DNA in cancer and in particular in breast cancer. Furthermore, since mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, hereditary breast cancer has been focused on.