Effects of longitudinal laparotomy on respiratory system, lung, and chest wall mechanics.

In six sedated, anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated guinea pigs, total respiratory system (RT,rs), lung, and chest wall resistances and respiratory system (Est,rs), lung, and chest wall (Est,w) elastances were determined before and after longitudinal laparotomy. Furthermore the resistances were also split into their initial and difference components, with the former reflecting the Newtonian resistances and the latter representing the viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressure dissipations in the system. For such purpose the end-inflation occlusion during constant inspiratory flow method was used. During laparotomy, a statistically significant increase in respiratory system difference resistance (from 0.086 to 0.101 cmH2O.ml-1.s) significantly augmented RT,rs (from 0.157 to 0.167 cmH2O.ml-1.s). The former was entirely secondary to a significant increase in chest wall difference resistance (0.019 to 0.034 cmH2O.ml-1.s), which naturally raised chest wall total resistance (from 0.030 to 0.047 cmH2O.ml-1.s). Est,rs and Est,w also increased (14.7 and 13.1%, respectively) after abdominal incision. It can be concluded that the midline xiphipubic laparotomy accompanied by the bilateral ventrodorsal infracostal incision increases RT,rs as a consequence of augmented chest wall difference resistance and Est,rs as a result of higher Est,w.     

BROMINE IN THE CUTICLE OF POLYSIPHONIA NIGRESCENS: LOCALIZATION AND CONTENT1

The cuticles and chloroplasts of young and old fronds of Polysiphonia nigrescens (Huds.) Grev. were analysed by quantitative X-ray microanalysis for their content of bromine. Cuticles of old fronds contained 1.7 ± 0.14% bromine while those of young ones contained only 0.94 ± 0.22% bromine. The bromine content of the chloroplasts showed considerable variations between individual chloroplasts, but was found not to increase with age. Young fronds contained four separate layers in the cuticle when observed under the electron microscope. In the old fronds three of these layers disappeared while the remaining one became thick and very electron dense.