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341.
Ravindra N. Kharwar Surendra K. Gond Anuj Kumar Ashish Mishra 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2010,26(11):1941-1948
Eucalyptus citriodora Hook, is frequently cultivated tree in India for its wood and medicinal usages. The endophytic and epiphytic fungi were estimated
from healthy leaves of E. citriodora growing in the premise of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. A total of 33 fungal species were isolated from leaf
segments. Of 33 taxa, 20 were recorded as endophytes, while 22 as epiphytes. Nine, out of 33 species were found to be common
in leaf tissues and surfaces (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Drechslera rostrata, Humicola grisea, Nigrospora oryzae, Penicillium
cristata, and Pestalotia sp.). Out of 478 fungal isolates, 279 were epiphytic while only 199 were endophytic. Most isolates were anamorphic filamentous
fungi which often don’t produce sexual spores. The Sorensen’s index of similarity between endophytes and epiphytes (leaf surface
colonizers) was found to be at 0.300. Diversity index of fungal species was higher in endophytes than epiphytes. The frequency
of colonization differs greatly in both myco-populations. Cladosporium cladosporioides (26%) was dominant species on leaf surfaces while Botrytis cinerea (10.5%) was dominant in leaf tissues. Out of 16 endophytic isolates evaluated for antagonistic test, 8 (50%) gave the antagonistic
activity against variety of fungi representing pathogens to both humans and plants. 相似文献
342.
Indra K. Vasil 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2008,44(5):365-372
The International Association for Plant Biotechnology (IAPB) was founded in 1963 at the first truly international conference
on plant tissue culture, which was organized by Philip R. White. White was a devoted internationalist and was strongly committed
to global scientific cooperation. He felt that the time had come for the international tissue culture community to organize
so that it could meet regularly and provide a forum to its members for the exchange of ideas and information of mutual interest
and use. The various activities of the IAPB since its founding—the publication of its newsletter, its journal, and the proceedings
of its quadrennial congresses—faithfully document the remarkable advances in plant biotechnology that were made possible by
the successful integration of tissue culture and molecular biology. In particular, the congress proceedings serve as time
capsules, providing a wealth of information about the best of science and the most prominent scientists of the time. The history
of the IAPB is indeed the history of plant biotechnology. 相似文献
343.
Joan Thiesen Torben S. Christensen Thomas G. Kristensen Rikke D. Andersen Brit Brunoe Trine K. Gregersen Mikkel Thrane Bo P. Weidema 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(2):104-114
Goal, Scope and Background Traditionally, comparative life cycle assessments (LCA) have not considered rebound effects, for instance in case of significant
price differences among the compared products. No justifications have been made for this delimitation in scope. This article
shows that price differences and the consequent effects of marginal consumer expenditure may influence the conclusions of
comparative LCA significantly. We also show that considerations about rebound effects of price differences can be included
in LCAs.
Methods The direct rebound effect of a price difference is marginal consumption. Based on statistical data on private consumption
in different income groups (Statistics Denmark 2005a, 2005b), the present article provides an estimate of how an average Danish
household will spend an additional 1 DKK for further consumer goods, when the household has gained money from choosing a cheaper
product alternative. The approach is to use marginal income changes and the following changes in consumption patterns as an
expression for marginal consumption. Secondly, the environmental impact potentials related to this marginal consumption are
estimated by the use of environmental impact intensity data from an IO-LCA database (Weidema et al. 2005). Finally, it is
discussed whether, and in which ways the conclusions of comparative LCAs can be affected by including the price difference
between product alternatives. This is elucidated in a case study of a comparative LCA screening of two different kinds of
Danish cheese products (Fricke et al. 2004).
Results Car purchase and driving, use and maintenance of dwelling, clothing purchase and insurance constitutes the largest percentages
of the marginal consumption. In a case study of two cheeses, the including the impact potentials related to the price difference
results in significant changes in the total impact potentials. Considering the relatively small price difference of the two
products, it is likely also to have a significant influence on the results of comparative LCAs more generally.
Discussion The influence of marginal consumption in comparative LCAs is relevant to consider in situations with large differences in
the price of the product alternatives being compared, and in situations with minor differences in the impact potentials related
to the alternatives. However, different uncertainties are linked to determining the pattern for marginal consumption and the
environmental impact potential related to this. These are first of all related to the method used, but also include inaccurate
data of consumption in households, aggregation and weighting of income groups, aggregation of product groups, estimation and
size of the price difference, and the general applicability of the results.
Conclusion Incorporating marginal consumption in consequential LCAs is possible in practice. In the case study used, including the rebound
effects of the price difference has a significant influence on the result of the comparative LCA, as the result for the impact
categories acidification and nutrient enrichment changes in favour of the expensive product.
Recommendations and Perspectives It is recommended that the rebound effects of price differences should be included more frequently in LCAs. In order to ensure
this, further research in marginal consumption and investment patterns and IO data for different countries or regions is required.
Furthermore, this study does not consider the economic distributional consequences of buying an expensive product instead
of a cheaper product (e.g. related to how the profit is spent by those who provided the product). It should also be noted,
that more expensive products not necessarily result in less consumption, as those who provided the product also will spend
the money they have earned from the sale. Ideally, these consequences should also be further investigated. Likewise, the development
of databases to include marginal consumption in PC-tools is needed. In general, considerations of marginal consumption would
favour expensive product alternatives, depending, however, on the type of consumer.
ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. David Hunkeler (david.hunkeler@aquaplustech.ch) 相似文献
344.
345.
Hybridization can drive the convergence of territorial and sexual signals. However, non-genetic processes such as competition,
environment matching, or cultural transmission, also generate this pattern. We investigated the effect of hybridization on
song convergence between two interspecifically territorial warblers in a moving hybrid zone. We confirmed song convergence
in each species. Using an AFLP-based genetic index, we detected an effect of genetics on song convergence in Hippolais polyglotta, the expanding species. Evidence was weaker for H. icterina, the receding species. In moving zones, introgression is expected to be larger in the expanding species than in the receding.
Thus, the asymmetric contribution of the genetic index to convergence was consistent with expectations for genetically determined
traits in moving hybrid zones, and the observed introgression pattern of AFLP markers. However, the geographical location
of individuals had an effect on song variation too when genetics was accounted for, suggesting that convergence also has non-genetic
explanations. We examine the possible role of alternative processes to that of hybridization and discuss their conflicting
effects on reinforcement and hybrid zone dynamics. 相似文献
346.
Perspectives of microbial oils for biodiesel production 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits, and the fact that it is made from renewable
resources. Generally speaking, biodiesel is prepared through transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with short
chain alcohols. However, the lack of oil feedstocks limits the large-scale development of biodiesel to some extent. Recently,
much attention has been paid to the development of microbial, oils and it has been found that many microorganisms, such as
algae, yeast, bacteria, and fungi, have the ability to accumulate oils under some special cultivation conditions. Compared
to other plant oils, microbial oils have many advantages, such as short life cycle, less labor required, less affection by
venue, season and climate, and easier to scale up. With the rapid expansion of biodiesel, microbial oils might become one
of potential oil feedstocks for biodiesel production in the future, though there are many works associated with microorganisms
producing oils need to be carried out further. This review is covering the related research about different oleaginous microorganisms
producing oils, and the prospects of such microbial oils used for biodiesel production are also discussed. 相似文献
347.
Shuli Liu Yanhong Tang Fawei Zhang Yangong Du Li Lin Yikang Li Xiaowei Guo Qian Li Guangmin Cao 《Ecological Research》2017,32(3):395-404
The effect of livestock grazing on grassland degradation and the resulting impact on soil carbon concentration is an important factor in carbon estimation. We addressed this issue using field observations and laboratory analysis of samples from Tibetan grassland. Based on the field measurements, we investigated the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) under two contrasting degradation states: lightly or non-degraded grasslands (LDG) and heavily degraded grasslands (HDG). We assessed their relationships with environmental factors using data collected from 99 sites across Northern Tibet during 2011–2012. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model and one-way ANOVA. The results showed that: (1) SOC concentration decreased and SIC concentration increased following grassland degradation, especially at soil depths in the range of 0–10 cm (P < 0.05); (2) the major environmental factors affecting SOC and SIC were soil pH and plant biomass; (3) spatially, the SOC density increased with the mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation, whereas SIC exhibited the opposite trend; (4) the SOC density increased at first and then decreased with increasing grazing intensity, with an opposite trend in SIC; and (5) soil carbon storage in this region was 0.14 Pg smaller in the HDG than in the LDG. This study suggests that grassland degradation can significantly affect the vertical distribution and storage of SOC and SIC. The carbon sequestration capacity of the top 100 cm of soil in Northern Tibet was estimated as 0.14 Pg. 相似文献
348.
Carsten Nesshöver Marie Vandewalle Heidi Wittmer Estelle V. Balian Esther Carmen Ilse R. Geijzendorffer Christoph Görg Rob Jongman Barbara Livoreil Luis Santamaria Stefan Schindler Josef Settele Isabel Sousa Pinto Katalin Török Jiska van Dijk Allan D. Watt Juliette C. Young Klaus Peter Zulka the KNEU Project Team 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2016,25(7):1215-1233
The absence of a good interface between scientific and other knowledge holders and decision-makers in the area of biodiversity and ecosystem services has been recognised for a long time. Despite recent advancements, e.g. with the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), challenges remain, particularly concerning the timely provision of consolidated views from different knowledge domains. To address this challenge, a strong and flexible networking approach is needed across knowledge domains and institutions. Here, we report on a broad consultation process across Europe to develop a Network of Knowledge on biodiversity and ecosystem services (NoK), an approach aiming at (1) organising institutions and knowledge holders in an adaptable and responsive framework and (2) informing decision-makers with timely and accurate biodiversity knowledge. The consultation provided a critical analysis of the needs that should be addressed by a NoK and how it could complement existing European initiatives and institutions at the interface between policy and science. Among other functions, the NoK provides consolidated scientific views on contested topics, identification of research gaps to support relevant policies, and horizon scanning activities to anticipate emerging issues. The NoK includes a capacity building component on interfacing activities and contains mechanisms to ensure its credibility, relevance and legitimacy. Such a network would need to ensure credibility, relevance and legitimacy of its work by maximizing transparency and flexibility of processes, quality of outputs, the link to data and knowledge provision, the motivation of experts for getting involved and sound communication and capacity building. 相似文献
349.
Cecile Bessou Claudine Basset-Mens Cynthia Latunussa Alice Vélu Hadrien Heitz Henri Vannière Jean-Pierre Caliman 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2016,21(3):297-310
Purpose
As highlighted in recent reviews, there is a need to harmonise the way life cycle assessment (LCA) of perennial crops is conducted. In most published LCA on perennial crops, the modelling of the agricultural production is based on data sets for just one productive year. This may be misleading since performance and impacts of the system may greatly vary year by year. The purposes of this study are to analyse how partial modelling of the perennial cycle through non-holistic data collection may affect LCA results and to make recommendations.Methods
Three modelling choices for the perennial crop cycle were tested in parallel in two contrasted LCA case studies: oil palm fruits from Indonesia, and small citrus from Morocco. Modelling choices tested were as follows: (i) a chronological modelling over the complete crop cycle of orchards, (ii) a 3-year average from the productive phase, and (iii) various single years from the productive phase. In both case studies, the system boundary was a cradle-to-farm gate with a functional unit of 1 kg fresh fruits. LCA midpoint impacts were calculated with ReCiPe 2008 in Simapro©V.7. We first analysed how inputs, yields and potential impacts varied over time. We then analysed process contributions in the baseline model, i.e. the chronological modelling, and finally compared LCA results for the various perennial modelling choices.Results and discussion
Agricultural practices, yields and impacts varied over the years especially during the first 3–9 years depending on the case study. In both case studies, the modelling choices to account or not for the whole perennial cycle drastically influenced LCA results. The differences could be explained by the inclusion or not of the yearly variability and the accounting or not of the immature phase, which contributed to 7–40 or 6.5–29 % of all impact categories for oil palm fruit and citrus, respectively.Conclusions
The chosen approach to model the perennial cycle influenced the final LCA results for two contrasted case studies and deserved specific attention. Although data availability may remain the limiting factor in most cases, assumptions can be made to interpolate or extrapolate some data sets or to consolidate data sets from chronosequences (i.e. modular modelling). In all cases, we suggest that the approach chosen to model the perennial cycle and the representativeness of associated collected data should be made transparent and discussed. Further research work is needed to improve the understanding and modelling of perennial crop functioning and LCA assessment.350.
Jian Xiao Xiaoyan Zhu Bin He Yufeng Zhang Bo Kang Zhinong Wang Xin Ni 《Journal of biomedical science》2011,18(1):35