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61.
The combined effects of chlorine and ammonia on litter breakdown in outdoor experimental streams 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The response of Potamogeton crispus L. breakdown to controlled doses of different levels of chlorine and chlorine + ammonia was investigated over two years in
outdoor experimental streams. In 1985, downstream riffles of 2 streams were dosed (observed in-stream concentrations) at ca.
10 μg/L Total Residual Chlorine (TRC), one stream at 64 μg/L TRC and one stream at 230 μg/L TRC. Two control streams were
not dosed and the upstream riffles of each stream served as within stream controls. In 1986, the downstream riffle of one
stream was dosed at 70 μg/L TRC and a second stream was dosed at 200 μg/L TRC. Four streams were also dosed with 2.5 mg/L
NH3-N: one stream with no chlorine, one stream with ca. 10 μg/L TRC, one with 56 μg/L TRC, and one with 150 μg/L TRC. A seventh
stream was dosed for 2 h at 2000 μg/L TRC and 2.5 mg/L ammonia and then allowed to recover (recovery stream). Each year, litter
decomposition (degree day k values) was measured during two 35 day trials (Jun–Jul and Aug–Sep). In 1985, when streams were dosed with chlorine alone,
decomposition was significantly reduced with the high (230 μg/L TRC) chlorine dose. Downstream decomposition was 27% (Jun–Jul)
and 59% (Aug–Sep) of the upstream (control) rate. No other chlorine effects were found during this period. In Jun–Jul 1986,
there was significantly lower decomposition in the downstream dosed sites of the 200 μg/L TRC alone stream, the 146 μg/L TRC
+ ammonia stream and the recovery stream; downstream decay rates were (respectively) 56%, 42% and 64% of the upstream control
sites. No other up-down pairs were different in July 1986. In Aug–Sep, all three streams with chlorine + ammonia (6, 56 and
146 μg/L TRC + 2,5 mg/L ammonia) and the 70 μg/L TRC alone stream had significantly lower decomposition rates in the downstream
dosed sites. For these streams, downstream decay rates ranged from 46% (high chlorine + ammonia) to 73% (low chlorine + ammonia)
of the upstream control rates. No other up-down pairs were different during this trial. Up and downstream sites of the stream
dosed with 2.5 mg/L ammonia alone were nearly identical for both trials (< 3% difference). These results indicate that TRC
at less than 250 μg/L can significantly reduce litter decomposition and strongly suggest that addition of ammonia to chlorinated
water can increase the toxic effect of chlorine.
currently at the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
currently at the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 相似文献
62.
Andrew Clarke J. Cynan Ellis-Evans Mark W. Sanders Lesley J. Holmes 《Hydrobiologia》1989,172(1):183-191
The copepod Pseudoboeckella poppei (Daday) (Calanoida, Centropagidae) was sampled from Sombre and Heywood Lakes on Signy Island, Antarctica (60° S, 45° W) between January 1984 and March 1985. Sombre Lake is clear and oligotrophic with little phytoplankton and a bottom sediment low in organic content. By contrast Heywood Lake is turbid and mesotrophic; a substantial phytoplankton develops in summer and the bottom sediments are comparatively rich in organics. Both lakes freeze over for much of the year, forcing the copepods to adopt a benthic feeding strategy over winter. Adult Pseudoboeckella feed on phytoplankton when this is available, but also on detritus, diatoms and short algal filaments stirred up from the sediment. In Heywood Lake, male copepods show a smooth seasonal trend in lipid content with lipid being synthesised in early summer and utilised in late summer and winter. The summer increase in lipid content is associated with an increase in dry weight. Female lipid contents show evidence of two peaks of egg production. In Sombre Lake both male and female copepods increase in size during summer and show a wider range of lipid contents than in Heywood Lake; it is likely that this is due to the poorer winter feeding conditions which necessitate the synthesis of a much larger store of reserves during the summer. In contrast to marine calanoid copepods, lipid stores are exclusively triacylglycerol with no trace of wax ester. 相似文献
63.
The intracellular growth of pathogenic mycobacteria has been linked to the presence of an electron transparent zone (ETZ or capsule), which surrounds the phagocytized bacteria and prevents the diffusion of lysosomal enzymes in infected macrophages. Recently, it was suggested that this capsule may be a bacterial structures, even being present in test tube-grown pathogenic mycobacteria (FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1988, 56, 225-230). In the present paper, we show that under special fixation and embedding conditions, this capsule was clearly observed among 7 strains of mycobacteria grown in axenic media and also in M. leprae extracted and purified from experimentally infected armadillo or nude mice. In the case of bacteria treated likewise but subject to a prior dehydration step, this capsular structure disappeared suggesting its lipidic nature. Ultrathin sections of M. intracellular after immunolabelling showed for the first time that this capsule obtained mycobacterial antigens confirming its mycobacterial origin. It is suggested that the mycobacterial capsule may be formed of inert lipids, in which surface antigens are embedded. 相似文献
64.
65.
P De Togni H Niman V Raymond P Sawchenko I M Verma 《Molecular and cellular biology》1988,8(5):2251-2256
We have generated monoclonal antibodies by using a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid positions 4 to 17 of the human fos protein. The antibodies detected both v- and c-fos proteins by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and indirect immunofluorescence. The monoclonal antibodies not only identified the fos protein complex with the cellular 39-kilodalton protein, but also recognized the modified forms of the mouse, rat, and human fos proteins. In day-17 rat embryos, nuclear-staining fos protein could be identified in the cartilage by immunohistochemical staining. 相似文献
66.
Raymond Hellio Dr. Claude Fréhel Jean-Yves Rauzier Nalin Rastogi 《Current microbiology》1988,17(4):235-242
Cytochemical characterization of mycobacterial surfaces was carried out on virulent (H37Rv) and avirulent (H37Ra) strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. The results were quantified and compared with those obtained with three colony types of the opportunistic pathogenMycobacterium avium. Mycobacterium aurum, a rapidly growing, nonpathogenic species, served as a model for the cytochemical methods. Concanavalin A (ConA) reacted with -d-mannose and -d-glucose residues, whereas negative charged residues were detected with either the ionized ferritin (CF) or the colloidal ferric hydroxide (CIH) method. Strongly acidic sulfate groups were detected by their selective blockage with alcian blue (AB) at pH 1 prior to the CIH labeling at pH 1.8. Weakly acidic groups were demonstrated by AB blockage at pH 2.5 prior to staining with CF stain. Except forM. aurum, all other strains showed a marked heterogeneity in regard to the abundance of their surface labeling. Accessible sulfate groups were present on the cell surface of the virulent H37Rv strain ofM. tuberculosis, but not on the avirulent strain H37Ra. Distribution of ConA receptors, on the other hand, was unrelated to the virulence or pathogenicity of the bacterial strain. 相似文献
67.
Andrew N. Webber Kathryn A. Platt-Aloia Robert L. Heath William W. Thomson 《Physiologia plantarum》1988,72(2):288-297
The detergent Tween-20 solubilized preferentially portions of the marginal regions of Spinacea oleracea L. thylakoid membranes and, thus, opened the inside of the grana to the external media. Differential centrifugation. following Tween-20 solubilization. enabled separate fractions of grana and stromal-exposed membranes to be isolated. Analysis of Tween-20 solubilized material, after pelleting all membrane material by centrifugation at 100 000 g, revealed polypeptides associated with the coupling factor (CF1 ) particles, cytochrome b6 /f and photosystem II complexes, suggesting that the marginal membranes contain these proteins. Concomitantly, the 100 000 g pellet was depleted in cytochrome b6 /f and P700, determined spectroscopically, Thus. our results reveal the margin to be a distinct membrane region, which does not contain the light-harvesting centers of photosystem II (LHC II). The implication of these results, in terms of the energetic interaction of components of granal and stromalexposed membrane regions, is discussed. 相似文献
68.
This article applied distributed artificial intelligence to the real-time planning and control of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) consisting of asynchronous manufacturing cells. A knowledge-based approach is used to determine the course of action, resource sharing, and processor assignments. Within each cell there is an embedded automatic planning system that executes dynamic scheduling and supervises manufacturing operations. Because of the decentralized control, real-time task assignments are carried out by a negotiation process among cell hosts. The negotiation process is modeled by augmented Petri nets —the combination of production rules and Petri nets—and is excuted by a distributed, rule-based algorithm. 相似文献
69.
Detailed examination of a sample plot covered by the Lindero membranaceae-Fagetum crenatae association on Mt. Sanpoiwadake,
Hakusan National Park, revealed a number of correlations between the distribution of subassociations and environmental factors.
The subassociations on the south-facing slopes receive deep snow cover in winter with rapid melting in the spring. They occur
on porous, freely draining soils, typical of the general range of brown forest soils. Conversely, on the north-eastern slopes
there are widespread late-snow patches which delay leaf development and expansion and which provide an abundant water supply
well into early summer. Under these conditions, bleached soil horizons have developed with iron pan formation, resulting in
poor soil drainage, strongly correlated with quite different plant communities. 相似文献
70.
Summary The sensitivity to calcium of the human squamous carcinoma cell line, SCC-13, was demonstrated and characterized. Cultures
grown to confluence in the presence of 0.2 to 2 mM calcium had approximately 10-fold higher levels of particulate transglutaminase activity and envelope competence than those
grown in low calcium (0.025 to 0.05 mM) medium. Raising the calcium from 0.025 to 1.8 mM induced expression of this enzyme and of competence over the course of a week. Conversely, for cultures grown to confluence
in 1.8 mM calcium, subsequent reduction of calcium to 0.025 mM resulted in a substantial decline in transglutaminase over a similar time period. Immunoprecipitable transglutaminase was
clearly identifiable in cultures grown in 1.8 mM calcium-containing medium but not in those grown in low calcium medium or in the presence of retinoic acid, suggestive of
regulation at the level of mRNA accumulation or translation rather than posttranslational modification.
This research was supported by Public Health Service grant AR 27130 from the National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal
and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, and National Research Service postdoctoral fellowship ES 05336 from the National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC. 相似文献