Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux

An edited summary of an Interdepartmental Conference arranged by the Department of Medicine of the UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles. The Director of Conferences is William M. Pardridge, MD, Professor of Medicine.Several specialists have recently recognized that gastrointestinal reflux causes complications resulting in significant disease. It causes discomfort, indigestion, esophagitis, Barrett''s esophagus, and carcinoma of the esophagus. Pediatricians attribute many early pulmonary problems, and even some sudden deaths in infants, to the reflux of gastric contents. Otolaryngologists now recognize that many cases of nonbacterial, nonspecific pharyngitis and laryngitis are due to the reflux of gastrc acid secretions. Contact granuloma and cancer of the larynx may, in some instances, be secondary to nocturnal reflux. Thoracic surgeons and pulmonologists believe chronic tracheobronchitis and some cases of pulmonary disease are attributable to recurrent bathing of the respiratory epithelium by aspirated gastric contents. An awareness of the many complications of gastrointestinal reflux should lead to a multidisciplined attack on the factors responsible for these diseases.     

SR Function in malignant hyperthermia

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a genetic disease in man and other animal species that predisposes to a catastrophic hypermetabolic syndrome that is triggered by certain anesthetic agents. A working hypothesis is that a defect in regulation of muscle cell calcium is the primary mechanism that initiates the MH syndrome. This paper reviews the evidence for a defect in muscle cell calcium as regulated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane system. Skeletal muscle biopsied from MH man, pigs and dogs has abnormal in vitro contracture response to halothane and caffeine and these responses can be altered by lowering calcium content of the bathing solution and/or the muscle. Measurements of MH muscle cell Ca2+ by Ca2+-specific microelectrodes in vivo and fura-2 in vitro have demonstrated abnormal Ca2+ levels in resting and in caffeine-stimulated states. The SR membrane system is the primary calcium regulating organelle in skeletal muscle and a likely site for the defect in MH muscle. Two Ca2+ regulating functions of the SR have been explored in SR isolated from MH muscle. An abnormality of the 100K Ca2+-ATPase protein that functions to transport Ca2+ from myoplasm to inside the SR does not appear to be responsible for MH. The most probable defective site in the SR appears to be Ca2+ release channels and a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release pathway has been shown to be abnormal in SR from MH human and pig muscle.     

Oxidation of γ-Hydroxybutyrate to Succinic Semialdehyde by a Mitochondrial Pyridine Nucleotide-Independent Enzyme

An antibody that inhibits over 95% of the cytosolic NADP+-dependent gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) dehydrogenase activity of either rat brain or kidney was found to inhibit only approximately 50% of the conversion of [1-14C]GHB to 14CO2 by rat kidney homogenate. A similar result was obtained with sodium valproate, a potent inhibitor of GHB dehydrogenase. The mitochondrial fraction from rat brain and kidney was found to catalyze the conversion of [1-14C]GHB to 14CO2. The dialyzed mitochondrial fraction also catalyzed the oxidation of GHB to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) in a reaction that did not require added NAD+ or NADP+ and which was not inhibited by sodium valproate. The enzyme from the mitochondrial fraction which converts GHB to SSA appears to be distinct from the NADP+-dependent cytosolic oxidoreductase which catalyzes this reaction.     

The marginal regions of thylakoid membranes: A partial characterization by polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) solubilization of spinach thylakoids

The detergent Tween-20 solubilized preferentially portions of the marginal regions of Spinacea oleracea L. thylakoid membranes and, thus, opened the inside of the grana to the external media. Differential centrifugation. following Tween-20 solubilization. enabled separate fractions of grana and stromal-exposed membranes to be isolated. Analysis of Tween-20 solubilized material, after pelleting all membrane material by centrifugation at 100 000 g, revealed polypeptides associated with the coupling factor (CF₁) particles, cytochrome b₆/f and photosystem II complexes, suggesting that the marginal membranes contain these proteins. Concomitantly, the 100 000 g pellet was depleted in cytochrome b₆/f and P700, determined spectroscopically, Thus. our results reveal the margin to be a distinct membrane region, which does not contain the light-harvesting centers of photosystem II (LHC II). The implication of these results, in terms of the energetic interaction of components of granal and stromalexposed membrane regions, is discussed.     

Carbon and nitrogen partitioning in young nodulated pea (wild type and nitrate reductase-deficient mutant) plants exposed to NH4NO3

Carbon and nitrogen partitioning was examined in a wild-type and a nitrate reductase-deficient mutant (A317) of Pisum sativum L. (ev. Juneau), effectively inoculated with two strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum (128C23 and 128C54) and grown hydroponically in medium without nitrogen for 21 days, followed by a further 7 days in medium without and with 5 mM NH₄NO₃. In wild-type symbioses the application of NH₄NO₃ significantly reduced nodule growth, nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2) activity, nodule carbohydrates (soluble sugars and starch) and allocation of [¹⁴C]-labelled (NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, amino acids) in roots. In nodules, there was a decline in amino acids together with an increase in inorganic nitrogen concentration. In contrast, symbioses involving A317 exhibited no change in nitrogenase activity or nodule carbohydrates, and the concentrations of all nitrogenous solutes measured (including asparagine) in roots and nodules were enhanced. Photosynthate allocation to the nodule was reduced in the 128C23 symbiosis. Nitrite accumulation was not detected in any case. These data cannot be wholly explained by either the carbohydrate deprivation hypothesis or the nitrite hypothesis for the inhibition of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by combined nitrogen. Our result with A317 also provided evidence against the hypothesis that NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ or its assimilation products exert a direct effect on nitrogenase activity. It is concluded that more than one legume host and Rhizobium strain must be studied before generalizations about Rhizobium /legume interactions are made.     

Structure, Function, and Evolution of Proton-ATPases

Proton-ATPases are among the most important primary ion pumps in nature. There are three classes of these enzymes which are distinguished by their structure, function, mechanism of action, and evolution. They function in ATP formation at the expense of a protonmotive force generated by oxidative and photosynthetic electron transports, maintaining a constant pH in the cytoplasm, and forming acidic spaces in special compartments inside and outside the cell. The three classes of proton-ATPases evolved in a way that prevents functional assembly in the wrong compartment. This was achieved by a triple genetic system located in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast, as well as delicate control of the proton pumping activity of the enzymes.     

Characterization of fructan from mature leaf blades and elongation zones of developing leaf blades of wheat, tall fescue, and timothy

Water-soluble carbohydrate composition of mature (ceased expanding) leaf blades and the elongation zone of developing leaf blades was characterized in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). These species were chosen because they differ in mean degree of polymerization (DP) of fructan in the mature leaf blade. Our objective was to compare the nature and DP of the fructan. Vegetative plants were grown with a 14-hour photoperiod and constant 21°C at the leaf base. Gel permeation chromatography of leaf blade extracts showed that the apparent mean fructan DP increased in the order wheat < tall fescue < timothy. Apparent mean DP of elongation zone fructan was higher than that of leaf blade fructan in wheat and timothy, but the reverse occurred for tall fescue. Low DP (≤10) and high DP (>10) pools were found in both tissues of tall fescue and wheat, but concentration of low DP fructan was very low in either tissue of timothy. All three species have high DP fructan. Comigration with standards on thin-layer chromotography showed that wheat contained 1-kestose and a noninulin fructan oligomer series. Tall fescue contained neokestose, 1-kestose and higher oligosaccharides that comigrated with neokestose-based compounds and inulins. Thin-layer chromatography showed that small amounts of fructose-containing oligosaccharides were present in timothy.     

Drosophila basement membrane procollagen IV. I. Protein characterization and distribution

A collagen was isolated from Drosophila E85, Schneider line 2L and Kc cell cultures. The purified protein was characterized and antibodies were raised against it. Immunofluorescence microscopy locates this material to the regions of basement membranes of Drosophila embryos, larvae, and adults. The molecules are mostly, or entirely, homotrimers of one polypeptide chain linked by interchain disulfide bonds. The partial amino acid sequences of a cyanogen bromide cleavage product of this chain are identical with a part of the virtual translation product of the Drosophila pro alpha 1(IV) nucleotide sequence that is reported in the accompanying paper. This gene is at Drosophila chromosome location 25C and was identified by the high homology of one part of it with the noncollagenous carboxyl terminus (NC1) of vertebrate type IV basement membrane collagens (Blumberg, B., MacKrell, A. J., Olson, P. F., Kurkinen, M., Monson, J. M., Natzle, J. E., and Fessler, J. H. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5947-5950). In the electron microscope each molecule appears as a thread with a knob at one end, which contains the carboxyl peptide domains. The variation of flexibility of the thread was mapped along its length. Pulse-chase labeling of cell cultures showed that these molecules associate into disulfide-linked dimers and higher oligomers that can be partly separated by velocity sedimentation and are resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis. Dimers and higher oligomers formed by overlap of the amino ends of molecules were found. Mild pepsin digestion of Drosophila embryos and larvae solubilized the corresponding disulfide-linked collagen molecules, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease peptide maps showed the identity of the collagen derived from animals and from cell cultures. Individual, native molecules have a sedimentation coefficient s20,w = 4.1 S, the dichroic spectrum and amino acid composition of a collagen, and a Tm = 31 degrees C. Positive in situ hybridization with a specific probe for this collagen began 6-8 h after egg laying and showed message in the locations of embryos and larvae which reacted with the antibodies. This included some prominent individual cells in the hemolymph.