Foraging,Delayed Maturation,and Advantages of Cooperative Breeding in White-winged Choughs,Corcorax melanorhamphos

White-winged choughs live in groups which cooperate in all aspects of rearing young, affording an opportunity to examine the influence of cooperation on foraging behavior. The amount of food choughs forage for themselves and feed to young increases with age, supporting the idea that individuals which dispersed to breed would have difficulty in rearing young. When feeding nestlings, individuals in the two larger groups returned to the nest less often and with larger loads than the individuals in the smallest group. Choughs in the smallest group also consumed less food at the beginning of each trip from the nest than those in the larger groups. We suggest that these measures indicate the greater efficiency allowed to individuals in larger groups when foraging from the nest. In all groups, individuals returning to the nest simultaneously with other group members carried smaller loads than those returning alone. We propose that returning in groups enables all nestlings of asynchronously hatched broods to obtain sufficient food.     

Solid-phase synthesis of triple-helical collagen-model peptides

Summary The triple-helical conformation of collagen has been proposed to be important for mediation of cellular activities, such as adhesion and activation, extracellular matrix assembly, and enzyme function. We have developed synthetic protocols that allow for the study of biological activities of specific collagen sequences in triple-helical conformation. These methods primarily involve solid-phase assembly and covalent linkage of three peptide chains. The resultant triple-helical peptides have sufficient thermal stabilities to permit structural and biological characterization under physiological conditions. The present article critically reviews the various approaches for constructing synthetic triple-helices.This paper is based on a presentation given at the Symposium on Peptide Structure and Design as part of the 31st Annual ACS Western Regional Meeting held in San Diego, CA, USA, October 18–21, 1995.     

Abundance of phytoseiid mites on Vitis species: effects of leaf hairs,domatia, prey abundance and plant phylogeny

We observed the number of predatory mites (Phytoseiidae:Typhlodromus caudiglans) on the foliage of 20 North American species of grapes (Vitis spp) plus the domesticated EuropeanVitis vinifera, all grown in a common garden. We found relatively few phytophagous mites. The numbers of phytophagous mites were not correlated with the plant characteristics that we measured. We found approximately five times as many predatory mites as phytophagous mites and the numbers of these phytoseiid predators were not affected by the availability of prey. Similarly, numbers of phytoseiids were unaffected by plant gender and, hence, the availability of pollen, another source of food. The numbers of phytoseiids were not clustered according to the taxonomic grouping of the tested plant species. Leaf surface characteristics explained over 25% of the variance in the numbers of phytoseiids. Numbers of phytoseiids were positively associated with the density of vein hairs, the density of bristles in leaf axils, and the presence of leaf domatia. These results suggest that sheltered habitats rather than food availability may limit the numbers of phytoseiid mites on grapevines.     

Strategies for the identification and purification of ligands for orphan biomolecules

The isolation of related genes with evolutionary conserved motifs by the application ofpolymerase chain reaction-based molecular biology techniques, or from database searchingstrategies, has facilitated the identification of new members of protein families. Many of theseprotein molecules will be involved in protein–protein interactions (e.g. growth factors,receptors, adhesion molecules), since such interactions are intrinsic to virtually every cellularprocess. However, the precise biological function and specific binding partners of these novelproteins are frequently unknown, hence they are known as orphan molecules.Complementary technologies are required for the identification of the specific ligands orreceptors for these and other orphan proteins (e.g., antibodies raised against crude biologicalextracts or whole cells). We describe herein several alternative strategies for the identification,purification and characterisation of orphan peptide and protein molecules, specifically thesynergistic use of micropreparative HPLC and biosensor techniques.     

DNA topology: Topoisomerases keep it simple

The ability of type II DNA topoisomerases to perturb the equilibrium distributions of DNA topoisomers is a consequence of their ability to hydrolyse ATP. A sliding mechanism of topoisomerase action has been proposed to account for this phenomenon.     

Comparison of the inhibitory effect of isothiourea and mercapto-alkylguanidine derivatives on the alternative pathways of arginine metabolism in macrophages

Novel, non-arginine based compounds have been identified as potent inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Members of the isothiourea and mercapto-alkylguanidine classes have generated much interest, as some members of these classes show selectivity towards the inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS), which plays a role in inflammation and shock. Here we compared the effect of a number of these compounds as well as L-arginine based NOS inhibitor reference compounds on macrophage-derived and liver arginase and macrophage iNOS activities. From the nonarginine based NOS inhibitors studied only S-aminoethyl-isothiourea (AETU) caused a slight inhibition of arginase activity. This inhibition was kinetically competitive and due to the rearrangement of AETU to mercapto-ethylguanidine (MEG). The weak inhibitory effect of non-arginine based iNOS inhibitors on arginase activity further supports the view that such compounds may be of practical use for inhibition of NO production in cells simultaneously expressing iNOS and arginase.     

Localization of corticotropin-releasing factor-containing neurons in the brain of the domestic fowl

Summary The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons were investigated in the brain of the domestic fowl by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique at the light-microscopic level. The detection of CRF-immunoreactivity was facilitated by silver intensification. CRF-containing perikarya were found in the paraventricular, preoptic and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus and in some extrahypothalamic areas (nuclei dorsomedialis and dorsolateralis thalami, nucleus accumbens septi, lobus parolfactorius, periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon, nucleus oculomotorius ventralis). Immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals were demonstrated in the external zone of the median eminence and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. These results indicate that an immunologically demonstrable CRF-neurosecretory system also exists in the avian central nervous system.