Effects of exercise and conditioning on clotting and fibrinolytic activity in men

Sixty healthy men in three physical fitness categories (sedentary, on no organized fitness program; joggers, running 5-15 miles/wk; and marathoners, running greater than 50 miles/wk) were evaluated for changes in blood clotting and fibrinolytic activity before and after maximum exercise on a treadmill according to the Bruce protocol. The rate of blood clotting, as measured by prothrombin times, partial thromboplastin times and thrombin times, was accelerated by exercise (all P less than 0.005). The ability of euglobulin clots and plasma clots to lyse incorporated 125I-fibrin, termed 125I-euglobulin clot lysis (IEL) and 125I-plasma clot lysis (IPCL), were used as indexes of fibrinolytic activity. Marathoners had greater increases in fibrinolytic activity with exercise (76% compared with 63% for joggers and 55% for sedentary subjects by IEL; 427% compared with 418% for joggers and 309% for sedentary subjects by IPCL; all P less than 0.05). Fibrin degradation products increased with exercise (P less than 0.005 for the total group of 60 subjects). The absolute concentrations of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor, alpha 2-macroglobulin, and antithrombin III increased with exercise (all P less than 0.005), but when concentrations were corrected for acute shifts of plasma water during exercise, the quantity of these inhibitors actually decreased (all P less than 0.005). The changes in clotting assays with exercise were not significantly correlated with changes in whole blood lactate, blood pyruvate, or rectal temperatures. Fibrinolytic assays before and after exercise correlated poorly to moderately with blood lactates (IEL: r = 0.441 and r = 0.425, respectively; IPCL: r = 0.294 and r = 0.544, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Calcium uptake by isolated nerve endings: evidence for a rapid component mediated by the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol

Several physiological stimuli, including neuronal depolarization, increase the production of phosphatidate (PA) from phosphatidylinositol (PI) and increase calcium fluxes across cell membranes. To determine if breakdown of PI is required for neuronal calcium uptake, we tested inhibitors of PI-specific phospholipase C on depolarization-dependent uptake of calcium by isolated brain synaptosomes. At a concentration of 0.1 mM these inhibitors reduced calcium uptake produced by depolarization for 1 to 3 sec, but did not affect uptake due to more prolonged depolarization. Exogenous PA also stimulated calcium accumulation by synaptosomes and this uptake was not reduced by the enzyme inhibitors. These results suggest that the rapid calcium influx produced by neuronal depolarization may be mediated by the breakdown of PI.     

Food sharing: a model of manipulation by harassment

Most analyses of food-sharing behavior invoke complex explanationssuch as indirect and delayed benefits for sharing via kin selectionand reciprocal altruism. However, food sharing can be a moregeneral phenomenon accounted for by more parsimonious, mutualisticexplanations. We propose a game theoretical model of a generalsharing situation in which food owners share because it is in their own self-interest—they avoid high costs associatedwith beggar harassment. When beggars harass, owners may benefitfrom sharing part of the food if their consumption rate islow relative to the rate of cost accrual. Our model predictsthat harassment can be a profitable strategy for beggars if they reap some direct benefits from harassing other than sharedfood (such as picking up scraps). Therefore, beggars may manipulatethe owner's fitness payoffs in such a way as to make sharingmutualistic.     

Vesicle-to-cell protein transfer: insertion of band 3, the erythrocyte anion transporter, into lymphoid cells

Band 3, the erythrocyte anion transporter, transfers spontaneously between human red cells and model membranes. During incubation of intact erythrocytes with sonicated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, the transporter inserts in functional form and native orientation into the liposome bilayer, with the cytoplasmic segment of the protein contacting the lumen of the vesicle [Newton, A. C., Cook, S. L., & Huestis, W. H. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 6110-6117; Huestis, W. H., & Newton, A. C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 16274-16278]. When band 3-vesicle complexes are incubated with erythrocytes whose native band 3 has been inhibited irreversibly, reverse transfer of the protein restores anion transport capacity to the cells [Newton, A. C., Cook, S. L., & Huestis, W. H. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 6110-6117]. Here we report the vesicle-mediated transfer of band 3 to human peripheral blood lymphocytes and to cultured murine lymphoma cells (BL/VL3). Subsequent to incubation with protein-vesicle complexes, both lymphoid cell types exhibit a 2-4-fold increase in the rate of chloride uptake. This enhanced permeability is inhibited greater than or equal to 98% by the exofacial band 3 inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, consistent with right-side-out insertion of functional band 3 into the lymphoid cell membrane.     

A physical (electromagnetic) model of differentiation. 1. Basic considerations

There are a number of biological phenomena and events that cannot yet be adequately described, such as cell growth and differentiation, which may be controlled by physical factors. Fr?hlich (1980) has discussed the principles of dissipative structures as applied to electromagnetic interactions in relation to basic couplings in biological systems. Recently, increasing evidence of photon storage and ultraweak photon emission from living systems, particularly from DNA, has suggested the concept of an electromagnetic model of differentiation, based on the known quantum optical properties of nucleic acids. This model has the advantage over all ideas so far published, that it is (1) simple; (2) universally applicable to events in living matter, because it is consistent with both the quantum mechanical and the thermodynamic properties on the one hand, and the known biological and biochemical data and phenomena at the other hand; (3) it not only describes the phenomena and events in terms of pure mathematical parameters, but it can also explain them; and (4) it escapes the difficulty of finding basic control mechanisms, which themselves do not need a regulator, ad infinitum.     

Computer analysis of ventricular pressure recordings: evaluation of myocardial contractility on the dog heart in situ]

The contractile indices Vmax (maximum shortening velocity of the contractile element) and ARPD (power averaged rate of power density generation) which have been shown to be unaffected by alterations in preload and afterload were computed from isovolumic left ventricular pressure data of dogs. The two indices were tested for their ability to detect changes in contractility induced by a positive inotropic drug (Isoprenalin). Whereas a good correlation was found between ARPD and Vmax (coefficient of correlation 0,895) the index ARPD was more sensitive to augmentation of myocardial contractility; also because it is simpler to obtain computationally and more appropriate for the intact heart from a theoretical point of view. ARPD should be useful especially for quantification of acute changes in myocardial contractility.