Anthracycline gels. Preparation and some physico-chemical properties

Gels have been prepared from aqueous solutions of anthracyclines by addition of salts. The gels are thixotropic and thermally reversible. They are stable for several months in the refrigerator and for long times even at room temperature. The gel-solution transition (melting) temperature depends on the concentration of the anthracycline and on the concentration and nature of the added salt. The melting has been followed by 1H-NMR. Only weak intermolecular interactions (stacking and hydrogen bonds) originate the drug network, within which the solvent is entrapped. 1H-NMR and polarimetric data suggest a stacked helical arrangement of the anthracycline molecules. The gelation process is cooperative.     

Isolation and characterization of a methyl chloride utilizing,strictly anaerobic bacterium

From sludge obtained from the sewage digester plant in Stuttgart-Möhringen a strictly anaerobic bacterium was enriched and isolated with methyl chloride as the energy source. The isolate, which was tentatively called strain MC, was nonmotile, gram-positive, and occurred as elongated cocci arranged in chains. Cells of strain MC formed about 3 mol of acetate per 4 mol of CH₃Cl consumed, indicating that the organism was a homoacetogenic bacterium fermenting methyl chloride plus CO₂ according to: The organism grew with 2–3% methyl chloride in the gas phase at a doubling time of near 30 h. Dichloromethane was not utilized. The bacterium also grew on carbon monoxide, H₂ plus CO₂, and methoxylated aromatic compounds. Optimal growth with methyl chloride was observed at 25°C and pH 7.3–7.7. The G+C-content of the DNA was 47.5±1.5%. The methyl chloride conversion appeared to be inducible, since H₂ plus CO₂-grown cells lacked this ability. From the morphological and physiological characteristics, the isolate could not be affiliated to a known species.     

Properties of heart fibroblasts of adult rats in culture

Summary In the heart of the adult rat, fibroblasts are mainly responsible for the synthesis and deposition of the collagenous matrix. Because these cells in vitro may serve as an important model system for studies of collagen metabolism in heart tissue, we have cultured and characterized rat-heart fibroblasts from young adult and old animals. Conditions included use of media of different compositions with and without addition of ascorbate. Cell used were either cultured directly from fresh tissues or thawed previously frozen cells. Cultured cells were studied with respect to growth properties, morphology and ultrastructure and patterns of collagen. Heart fibroblasts generally resembled fibroblasts cultured from other tissues, but were more like skeletal muscle fibroblasts in that they deposited, in addition to type I collagen, type IV collagen and laminin. The fibroblasts showed a typical appearance in phase-contrast microscopy and electron microscopy. In the case of cells grown with added ascorbate, aligned collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix showed a periodicity typical of type I collagen. The deposition of type I collagen occurred only in medium supplemented with ascorbate, and in that circumstance increased as a function of time past confluence; this was independent of the age of the animal from which the cells were obtained or of other changes of medium composition studied. Immunofluorescence studies with specific antibodies revealed that the cells deposited types I and IV collagens, laminin and fibronectin. In contrast to the case of type I collagen, the deposition of type IV collagen occurred in cells grown either with or without ascorbate. Direct observation of type IV collagen is consistent with the previous finding of type IV mRNA in cardiac fibroblasts in situ and in freshly isolated populations of these cells.     

Clonal diversity, population structure, and dispersal in the parthenogenetic moth Ectoedemia argyropeza

Populations of the parthenogenetic moth Ectoedemia argyropeza (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) were studied for their clonal composition. Clones were characterized by 6 polymorphic enzyme loci. In a geographic survey 32 clones were observed among 812 individuals. Two clones were predominant, together they explained over 75% of the total variation. Relationships among clones hinted at a monophyletic origin of the species. Analysis of the life cycle and population structure indicated that E. argyropeza is a very sedentary species, with bottlenecks, drift, and passive migration as important population genetical factors moulding the variation.     

Mapping of mouse gamma crystallin genes on chromosome 1

Restriction fragments analysis of DNA from mouse-hamster somatic-cell hybrid clones revealed that a mouse gamma crystallin cDNA hybridized to genomic sequences located on mouse chromosome 1. Identification of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the gamma crystallin sequences of inbred strains of mice permitted the further localization of the gamma crystallin genes (Cryg) to the proximal region of chromosome 1 closely linked to the loci encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh-1), a low molecular weight (LM) crystallin protein polymorphism (Len-1), and fibronectin (Fn-1). A single recombinant was observed betweenLen-1 and an RFLP in the gamma crystallin gene family, consistent with the hypothesis thatLen-1 is one of the several structural loci encoding gamma crystallin genes.Len-1 is probably located on the centromeric end of theCryg gene family. Linkage ofIdh-1, Cryg, andFn-1 in mice extends the syntenic relationship of those loci to the human, bovine, and rodent genomes and may define a chromosomal region that is generally conserved among mammals. The map position ofCryg, near the eye lens obsolescence (Elo) locus, was confirmed by the discovery that the restriction fragment patterns of gamma crystallin sequences differed between strain C3H/HeJ and the congenic anophthalmic mutant strain, C3H.Elo. Therefore, the gamma crystallin genes were contransferred with the mutantElo gene in the derivation of C3H.Elo. The results establish that LEN-1 is a marker for the gamma crystallin gene family, position the gamma crystallin gene family relative to other markers on mouse chromosome 1, and provide additional evidence that theElo mutation is encoded at a locus closely linked to the gamma crystallin gene cluster. This study found no evidence of recombination hot spots within the gamma crystallin gene cluster.     

Genetic determinants of glutamine synthetase inDrosophila melanogaster: A gene for glutamine synthetase I resides in the 21B3-6 region

Recombinational and deletion mapping of electrophoretic variants of the glutamine synthetase I isozyme (GSI) in Drosophila melanogaster locates the gene in the 21B region on the second chromosome. We have conducted a genetic analysis of the region extending cytologically from 21A to 21B4-6. Recessive lethal mutations were generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and by hybrid dysgenesis (HD). These lethals fall into seven functional groups, which were partially ordered by complementation with cytologically defined deficiencies of this region generated by hybrid dysgenesis. Two of the EMS- and two of the ENU-induced lethals fulfill biochemical criteria expected for null alleles of the GSI gene.     

Neuropeptides in free-living and parasitic flatworms (Platyhelminthes). An immunocytochemical study

The nervous systems of the turbellarians Microstomum lineare and Polycelis nigra and of the cestodes Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and Schistocephalus solidus were studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical method, with the use of antisera to the neuropeptides FMRF-amide, vasotocin, leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, neurotensin, somatostatin, and VIP, and to the bioamine serotonin. Anti-FMRF-amide positive perikarya and fibers occurred in all species, while the occurrence of the vertebrate brain-gut peptides and serotonin varied between the species. Anti-somatostatin and anti-VIP gave a negative result. Anti-FMRF-amide and anti-vasotocin positive immunoreactivity was found in the brain and gut of M. lineare, and in the CNS and the peripheral nerve net of the cestodes. We suggest that the brain-gut peptides of free-living flatworms act on the subtegumental region in the cestodes, which lack a gut but absorb their nutrients directly through the tegument.     

Organic microscopic remains in Miocene lacustrine sediments near Libros (Teruel,Spain)

Siliceous remains from Miocene lacustrine sediments near Libros (Teruel, Spain) are studied. Most of them are sponge spicules and may be assigned to Ephydatia fluviatilis. Some chrysophycean cysts and several diatom genera (Melosira, Cyclotella, Fragilaria, Navicula, Pinnularia, and Cymbella) have also been found.